Effects of the Colombian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange effected Europe and the Americas similarly and differently in environmental ways such as crops and in demographic ways such as diseases. The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people, the exchange of crops, animals and resources that went between the New and Old World. European explorers came over to the Americas and brought things that ultimately helped the Natives to prosper such as new farming techniques, hunting, fighting, and city building these were some of the more demographic effects.Europe also affected the Americas environmentally by bringing foods such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and millet. Just like Europeans, the Americans helped to bring new plants, vegetables, and fruits back to the old world such as corn, tomatoes, and coco beans. Another demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange was diseases. When Europeans explorers came to the Americas they introduced new diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, cholera, typhus, and smallp ox.Of all the exchanges between the Native Americans and Europeans, disease had the most impact. Native Americans also gave the Europeans diseases as well such as Syphilis. The European explorers then brought that disease back to Europe killing many Europeans in the process. The Americans attracted more disease than the Europeans because a majority of the diseases that the Europeans brought over they were already immune to, but the Americans were not. This was a major difference and was the reason for a majority of Native American deaths.An environmental difference between Europe and the Americans was that European explorers brought new cattle over to the New World. The natives had never seen or used European cattle before such as horses, cows, buffalo, and pigs. Many Native Americans abandoned agricultural for the nomadic lifestyle because hunting Buffalo made them far richer. An environmental difference was that New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, so the popul ation doubled. Corn and potatoes could now grow in soil that was useless for Old World crops.Also deforestation occurred in the Americas where it did not occur in Europe. This essentially harmed the environment. People were now beginning to leave Europe and repopulate the New World. The Europeans were able to affect the Europeans demographically by converting mass amounts of Natives to Christianity in the New World. However, Native Americans were not able to convert a large amount of Europeans to their belief. The effects of the Columbian Exchange were overall terrible for the Native Americans and very beneficial to Europeans in the Old World. Effects of the Colombian Exchange The Columbian Exchange effected Europe and the Americas similarly and differently in environmental ways such as crops and in demographic ways such as diseases. The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people, the exchange of crops, animals and resources that went between the New and Old World. European explorers came over to the Americas and brought things that ultimately helped the Natives to prosper such as new farming techniques, hunting, fighting, and city building these were some of the more demographic effects.Europe also affected the Americas environmentally by bringing foods such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and millet. Just like Europeans, the Americans helped to bring new plants, vegetables, and fruits back to the old world such as corn, tomatoes, and coco beans. Another demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange was diseases. When Europeans explorers came to the Americas they introduced new diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, cholera, typhus, and smallp ox.Of all the exchanges between the Native Americans and Europeans, disease had the most impact. Native Americans also gave the Europeans diseases as well such as Syphilis. The European explorers then brought that disease back to Europe killing many Europeans in the process. The Americans attracted more disease than the Europeans because a majority of the diseases that the Europeans brought over they were already immune to, but the Americans were not. This was a major difference and was the reason for a majority of Native American deaths.An environmental difference between Europe and the Americans was that European explorers brought new cattle over to the New World. The natives had never seen or used European cattle before such as horses, cows, buffalo, and pigs. Many Native Americans abandoned agricultural for the nomadic lifestyle because hunting Buffalo made them far richer. An environmental difference was that New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, so the popul ation doubled. Corn and potatoes could now grow in soil that was useless for Old World crops.Also deforestation occurred in the Americas where it did not occur in Europe. This essentially harmed the environment. People were now beginning to leave Europe and repopulate the New World. The Europeans were able to affect the Europeans demographically by converting mass amounts of Natives to Christianity in the New World. However, Native Americans were not able to convert a large amount of Europeans to their belief. The effects of the Columbian Exchange were overall terrible for the Native Americans and very beneficial to Europeans in the Old World.

Case Discussion: Learning Curve “B” †Assignment Essay

What do you estimate the buyer should pay per unit for the next 700 pieces assuming the supplier demonstrates a 75% learning curve? What if the learning rate is actually 85%? What do you estimate is the per unit cost of the next 700 pieces? 1.A:$178/unit at a 75% Learning Curve 212/unit at an 85% Learning Curve 2. Under what conditions can we use learning curves to estimate prices? In other words, when does the learning curve apply? 2. A:The Learning Curve is applicable when used for new products or processes that have a high potential for improvement, such as producing a technically complex item for the first time, or when an item has high direct-labor content. 3.Why can we use rough estimates when applying learning curves? 3. A:Assuming a reduction in time will follow a predictable pattern, and because it is predictable, we can develop estimates. 4.Why do manual processes experience greater learning curves than automated processes? 4. A:The worker has the ability to learn and improve through repetitive effort and increased efficiency. 5.Are there factors besides learning that can help reduce costs as volume increases? 5. A:Modifications to the production process; such as introducing new production methods, substituting increased automation for labor, or updating process technology.

Softball vs baseball

It may become obvious one day that baseball and fast pitch softball although similar are two very different sports. Obvious in the sense that fast pitch softball is just as physically demanding as baseball. That females softball athletes are every bit as tough of the males baseball who play a similar sport. The similarities are what groups the two sports together but the Intensity on the passion for the game of softball far exceeds that of baseball. Softball and baseball have always been lumped together due to their similarities.The sport of softball is for females where assessable is more geared toward males, with some exceptions of female team members. Taking a closer look Into the whole sport is what sets them apart. At first, spectators see the similarities, the fields lined in white chalk, bats, balls, bases and gloves. Someone in the crowd may even notice that base path distance varies between the two sports, and correctly so. They may even notice that the pitcher throws the ba ll under hand, in a windmill motion in softball opposed to overhand In baseball.All of these are good visual observations of the differences but the feelings of entertainment do not start until the games actually begin. Baseball has been American's past time for many years. It was and still continues to be a place where fathers and sons share a special day together. Memories are and were made at ball parks and the anticipation of catching a foul ball was top on the list. Sure there are still families who truly enjoy the sport and share the passion of watching a game but it has lost its appeal for many reasons.The professional players are expected to make the big plays and get dirty when doing it. They have salaries in the millions; a little dirty Is expected from the crowds. Along with some of the attitudes of these layers, they passion Is lost and It has Just become a Job. The childhood passion Is forgotten and misplaced by the fame and fortune that has taken its place. Softball pa rks are mainly reserved for school aged children, high school and college aged teams. The seating Is comprised of metal benches on either side of the field, a lot less luxurious than the seating at a baseball park.Many spectators bring fold out chairs and sit near the fence lines to watch the games. The crowds do not compare to that of a baseball game but yet there is something electrifying in the atmosphere. Why? The grass is the same, so Is the equipment and uniforms of the players. It's lust a bunch of girls with pony tailed hair who are dressed In boys' uniforms and shoes. The girls wear mouth pieces and have non glare make-up under their eyes, not worrying about losing their feminine side, its game time.These similarities fade when the umpire yells â€Å"batter up† and the batter steps into the batter's box. The Immediate rehearsed chants and synchronized claps start from the dugout of the away team, encouraging the crowd to participate which they do so enthusiastically. The crowd is immediately an active participant in the game from the very beginning. The batters are not swinging for the fences but rather strategically placing the ball on the field to obtain base runners. The game Is fast paced and fielded players are always In constant motion, keeping the eyes of the crowd engaged.There Is no lollygagging like in baseball where the crowd's attention is focused on something 1 OFF purchase at a ridiculously high price. The excitement of the crowds' involvement and the epic battle between pitcher and batter has begun. The sixty feet of distance teen the two provides very little reaction time of the batter, thus intensifying the entertainment value of the game. The females on the field are sacrificing their bodies to make the plays, which they often do.They are not afraid or apprehensive to dive for a ball to make the catch or slide head first to be safe at the base. The crowds lose control during these plays and the noise level is elevated, a fire is fueled. These are scenarios common in both sports but baseball players being male are more expected to do so, losing some of the wow factor that softball players provide. The stereotype of the well manicured, dainty female is bypassed when you see a grass stained uniform of a softball player.These players are totally submerged in the game and the only concern is to win. Not a cracked fingernail or hair out of place. The dugout chants increase vocally with every passing inning Just as the uniforms original colors fade from clean to dirt covered. By the seventh inning at least one player on the field has blood visible to the crowd. The game is over but the atmosphere is still alive. Each team shakes hands as acts of sportsmanship Just like assessable players will do.However, unlike baseball the softball players enter a circle on the field by their dugouts. They are still chants being yelled, especially if the team wins. The celebration is not a meager baseball high five or a slap o n the backside as recognition. These girls are animated and their intensity is contagious. Challenge you to visit a local softball park and experience the true passion for the sport. Softball is similar is similar to baseball in many ways but more entertaining and crowd participation thus setting this sport above mostly all baseball games.

Marketing 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing 4 - Essay Example Exporters suffer sometimes by this depreciation. Simply put, it means that the exporters will get lesser returns as compared to what they used to get and this can have an adverse effect on their profitability. This has happened in Colombia also. (Kraul, 2007) Most of the exporters have been affected but none as much as the rose exporters. One reason is that there has been fierce competition from countries such as China, Mexico, Ecuador and the strengthening of the peso has only seriously affected the share of the Colombian rose exporters in the total world trade for this particular commodity. (Ponsi, 2007) There is no doubt that the Colombian peso can be described as being on a â€Å"hot streak† and this is good for national pride and the feel-good factor. (Kraul, 2007) This also greatly helps tourists going to American tourist spots such as Disney World since it means that the Colombians now have more money to spend but for a certain section of the populace like the rose exporters, it has brought serious problems. So serious are these problems that some exporters have been forced to close shop or retrench staff. Many of these staff members are women who had taken loans and who had mortgaged their houses; now with them losing their jobs, they will find it extremely difficult to make both ends meet since a fair amount of their income was going towards repaying their housing loans taken. Rose exporters are now receiving up to forty percent less than what they used to receive about four years ago. Apart from this there has been an increase of the labour and material cost to the tune of another forty percent. As a result of all this, rose exporters’ income has gone down by almost 100 percent as compared to what they used to earn about four years ago. No doubt the U.S.Dollar has declined by about thirty percent against the major world currencies; the decline has been even more against the Third World currencies. This has happened since there has been a big

Internation Monetary Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Internation Monetary Economics - Essay Example Therefore, there is a necessity of change. For this issues arising to be resolved, the whole system have to be reformed with much consideration on current international economics. The main purpose for addressing this paper is to spot the lessons that have been learnt from the international systems currency b policy makers. It further tries to apply what has been learnt to solve the euro crisis. The paper focuses on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Introduction The exiting crisis in the international scene may be ultimately bottoming out. ... The shortcomings of international systems of finance are noticeable in the current crisis. If one talks about the consequences, solutions and causes to the crisis, it is not possible to think of adaptation of international systems of finance to international economic configuration. In fact, from the moment the institution of Bretton woods was created, at the time crises were faced by most countries, there was discussion by policymakers on those institutions’ adequacy, possible alterations and their toolkits’ improvement. The main reason for this addressing the paper is focus on international system of finance, the role it plays in the ongoing current crunch and in the prevention and solving future ones. Generally, crisis recurs but their rate of occurrence and results can be mitigated and managed. Lessons learnt For more than two years in the past, the international economy has experienced the most extended crisis from the time of great depression. Turmoil in finance re ached its worst level as 2008 fell. Before then, it had begun in the housing market of the U.S in 2007 during the summer time. It then spread gradually to the international economy and most parts of America. The channel through which the crisis followed is length. To start with, it went through the linkages of financial sectors like the investments on cross-border on derivatives ofcredit.In most part of 2008, growth of the economy seemed held up, specifically in market countries that emerged. These markets gave rise to decoupling debate. Nevertheless, towards the end of the same year, spill of the financial turmoil began to the real economy. This led to a dramatic flop in economic activity, international demand and international trade all over the globe.

Financial analysis and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Financial analysis and management - Assignment Example ion was to become a pioneer in global airways, and to achieve this target British Airlines has focused on making alliances with carefully selected companies (Rao & Krishna, 2004, p.75). During the 1990s, the airlines company emphasized on enhancing its corporate appeal, creativity, business efficiency, competitive position, and training facilities for employees. In the year 2004, the British Airways initiated â€Å"a new set of vision, values and goals†. The business strategy of this airlines company along with its values and goals were represented by a new mission which was entitled â€Å"The BA Way†, and it was made known to every individual associated with the company. The purpose of this mission was to fulfill non-financial objectives like focusing on safety and satisfaction of customers as well as motivation of employees. This mission was mainly dependent on complete cooperation and support from all the company’s stakeholders (McDonald et al., 2011, pp.91-92 ). British Airways which has always been a financially successfully company however experiences a severe decline under an inefficient and insensitive leadership. The period between 1996 and 2000 in which Robert Ayling was the Chief Executive of British Airways, the company’s financial performance went through a extremely. Ayling’s policy of undermining customer service and quality was the major reason behind the underperformance of the company’s shares by 40 percent. During his first year, Ayling was almost faced with a pilot’s strike which was narrowly avoided. In his second year, there was strike called by the cabin crew which lasted for three days which resulted in a loss of  £ 125 million. During this time, motivation level of the employees of British Airways dropped and a negative environment prevailed among the staff due to Ayling’s tactless approach. It was argued that Ayling’s leadership to a large extent destroyed the brand image and service quality of the British Airways which was

International trade and labour and environmental standards Essay

International trade and labour and environmental standards - Essay Example Research studies by such organizations as the World Bank show that trade triggers and supports growth of economies producing growing middle class citizens in the countries (Rose, para 1-7). The two (economic growth as well as middle class population) motivate these countries to uphold environmental conservation and management as well as improve labor standards. This paper therefore intends to conduct a qualitative analysis of facts and features in international trade, labor as well as environmental standards as they are in the current day by use of available literature. Literature shows that trade agreements in international trade especially by developed and emerging economies promote economic opportunities within the emerging countries, which alleviate living standards of workers within the countries (Neary, 96). The trade agreements by the developed countries like the US provide opportunities for economic performance for indigenous industries as well as workers. Besides, the negotiations of such countries within the international trade front have been associated with improved labor standards within other countries hence the interrelation between trade Analysts as well as policy makers take a leading role in the investigating and explaining how international trade interacts with environment. For instance, a very recent debate on whether trade should be liberalized triggered the conclusions that liberalization is likely to cause increased industrial emissions whose effects are detrimental to the general environment. This on the other hand set the platform for discussion on whether tightening environmental and trade policies should be encouraged for compensation of such changes as would result from the policy changes. Besides, there has also been a growing interest in linking environmental policy and regulation efforts as well as

Amnesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amnesia - Essay Example There are other details of amnesia of this kind which vary according to different conditions. In contrast functional or psychological amnesia has been classically retrograde meaning the person is not able to recollect past experience. With the recent surge in awareness of relation between body, cognition, intellect, and mind, a newer branch of science, namely, cognitive neuropsychiatry examines this psychic disease process more intensely. In this assignment two articles, one from the news or popular lay media and the other from scientific experimental literature will be examined critically in order to find out the scientific information and knowledge update related to psychological amnesia with the basic research hypothesis, although no organic brain lesion has been demonstrated in functional amnesia, there is a solid scientific basis and cause effect relationship for this type of amnesia. Killian (2009) in his article titled "Amnesia put her life on hold; now, she's graduating" in May 15, 2009, NewsRecord describes the case of Marshall, who following a bout of viral encephalitis in the senior year of her high school had amnesia. This followed an illness of high fever, followed by loss of memories. The author quotes Marshall's experience of sudden loss of memory, which led to loss of all touch to her old and acquainted environment, and following this incident, she could not remember anything of her past life, and it was something like "first memory of the world" at all. She could not recognize any one in her family, but she could remember habitual works such as "tying the lace of my shoes." This illness led to her admission to the hospital where her stay lasted for 7 days. During this time, it was diagnosed that the infection involved certain areas of brain where certain types of memories and skills were affected. After coming back home, the previously used practiced tasks were difficult to do, and she needed help in her household chores. There was obviously an identity crises where she failed to recognize herself, family, or even personal things as her own. Her academic achievements in the school before this incident were outstanding, both in studies and extracurricular activities. She had been a outgoing student at North Iredell High School. She was a musician and a drum major in the school band. After this incident, she was withdrawn and shy, and her former friends appeared to her as strangers, and this led to considerable alienation. There was obviously a change in her personality, but her amnesia contributed to it in a greater extent. Her mother pursued her educations, and since she had enough credits from her school, with her grades she was accepted in many schools. On the day of her high school graduation she could not make out what is graduation, and how it was important for her, although her family was very happy for her. A break came while she followed a program Starting Over, when she decided not to join college and decided that she will have to rebuild her connections with the real world. She was growing but very slowly, and in this reality TV show, she came to realize what she had lost and how she can progress in her life with new goals. Meanwhile, she joined college with her brother, and she decided to major in communications. She is expected to graduate soon. This news is a report of an incident where the author has taken poetic license.

Communication Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication Management - Essay Example This creates strong discontent with the job as well as disengages the employee from the functional aspect of the job. Secondly, employee's who have access to information of interest about the organization are able to give more informed inputs about the job and functionality. Lack of resource access "could lead to frustration and lack of motivation and ultimately failure" (Kaliprasad 2006, p. 22). These issues in communication are directly related to Hobby's mission, core values and culture as a top-end model manufacturer. The company's mission statement is well known as being "smaller but better." To this, we must ask ourselves how we can develop better communication and gain an entrepreneurial spirit that encourages taking the initiative to produce changes. The proposed change is entering the electronic market, which traditionalists in the company are concerned with as it may directly affect who we are as a company. There is no doubt that employees follow Hobby because they trust our leadership. It is now time that Hobby enter into a communication initiative in preparation for entering differing global (and electronic) markets. As a large firm, however, Hobby is often imbued with strategic processes and policies disseminated from a formal planning system (Pearce and Robinson 2004). Hobby has traditionally held high employee morale but is currently faced with low production and changes should be approached by open communication. In this, the "ideal strategic management team includes decision-makers from all three company levels (the corporate, business, and functional)" (Pearce and Robinson 2004, p. 15). For example, some Canadian firms have implemented an every employee is a leader program, where all employees have equal and viable inputs towards the organization (Noe et al 2002). As leadership incorporates communication into the organization to allow employees too openly and without fear of retribution deliver questions, concerns and ideas, the value of leadership increases. Employee's commitment and trust towards the organization's leaders grow as their voices are heard (Noe et al 2002). The

Week 5 Lt Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Lt Assignment - Essay Example The processes involved in these improvements include renovation of machines, increased training of employees and establishment of 5S problem analysis team. A new process can be measured using various measurement techniques. Most of these techniques are statistical. One measurement technique is variation and standard deviation. This method determines the level of deviation of the outcome of new process from that of the old process. Returns on Investment (ROI) can also be used to measure the performance of the new process. This involves the measurement of the returns from the new process compared to its investment (Persse, 2006). The initial investment of the process including changes made to the old process is subtracted from the returns of the new process. ROI differs from the Variance and Standard Deviation because Variance and Standard Deviation compares the new process with the old process while the ROI only measures the performance of the new process. However, both measurement techniques show the level of success of the new project based on its performance after the changes to the old

European Colonization of the Caribbean Essay Example for Free

European Colonization of the Caribbean Essay The Spanish conquests in the Americas encouraged other European countries to expand their domains in the New World. In the latter half of the 16th century, Portugal conquered Brazil in the hope of upsetting Spain in South America. Between 1690 and 1650, the French, Dutch, and English made unsuccessful attempts to occupy the northern coasts of Brazil and the neighboring islands of St. Kitts and the Leeward Islands. However, with the onset of the Thirty Years War, Spain began to weaken. His colonial possessions in the Caribbean were occupied by the English, French, and the Dutch. Spanish and Portugal Conquests Checked Generally, the arrival of other European countries in the New World (with the thought of conquest) forced Spain and Portugal to limit their conquest. For example, in 1621, the Dutch attacked several Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and succeeded in occupying the islands of Curacao, St. Martin, and Araya. The acquisition of vast mount of gold by the Spaniards in the New World attracted the attention of other powers. To their minds, God does not wish the world to be divided only between Spain and Portugal (Treaty of Tordesillas). They wanted a significant share in the wealth of the Americas. The Political and Economic System in Europe The Thirty Years War (to which Spain was heavily involved) forced Spain to cut expenditures at home and raise taxes and quotas in the Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico). In addition, the Spaniards began to implement the plantation system to increase revenues (to finance her wars in Europe). Trade was limited to Spain and he American colonies. The reason is clear: if trade was opened to other European countries, the prospect of a unidirectional prosperity would be prevented (other nations would benefit from the trade). This system is called the ‘mercantilist system. ’ Impact of Mercantilism in the Caribbean and the Outcome Precious metals (gold, silver) became the basis of the mercantilist system. It served as the medium of exchange between the colonies and the mother country. Mines were established all throughout the Caribbean in order to maintain the flow of metals to the mother country. To fasten the procurement of precious metals, the Spaniards (and other Europeans) utilize slave labor (African slaves). In some sense, Spanish wealth (based on precious metals and product quotas) was essentially created by slave labor (which was very oppressive and unchristian). The wealth Spain accumulated from the New World also attracted the attention of pirates. They were of two types: buccaneer and marooner. Buccaneer is a group of pirates that had bases in the Caribbean (in a sense, they were considered the most powerful type of pirate). Marooner is a generic term applied to Spaniards who deserted the Spanish Navy to harass Spanish shipping lines in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Society and European Influences Caribbean society was modeled after European society. Some of the influences are as follows: 1) adoption of Catholicism as the main religion (in the case of Spain), 2) Baroque and Gothic architecture, 3) European city planning, and 4) the plantation system. At the top of the plantation system was the landowner. The manager (usually a relative of the owner) was in the middle position. At the bottom were the slaves and the serfs (local population serving in the plantation). The slaves were often treated harshly by the Europeans. They perceived them as members of an inferior race destined to serve white men’s greed. The same case (though not as oppressive as that of slaves) could be said about women. Women were confined to households, serving their masters with much dedication (by force) as that of serfs. Racial Hierarchy in the Caribbean Race played an important role in Caribbean society. Race served as the determining factor of administration; a form of societal control. The Europeans were at the top of the racial hierarchy. At the bottom were the slaves, the local population, and Chinese traders (which were seen with contempt by the Europeans). The European themselves were racially categorized. The peninsulares were Europeans born in their mother countries. The insulares were pure Europeans born in the colonies. The mestizos were of European and Indian descent. Women played a minor role in Caribbean society. They were confined to household chores (like cooking and child rearing). Maroonage strained Spain’s resources in the New World. The revenues derived by Spain from plantations (the same case with other Europeans) were taken by the maroons (on the way to Spain). The oppressive policies of the Spaniards in Cuba led to the Ten Years War. The slaves and the local population rose in arms against Spanish rule. Reference Toynbee, Arnold. 1989. History of the World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Altruism among humans Essay Example for Free

Altruism among humans Essay This paper presents an examination of the phenomenon of altruism among humans. Altruism is defined as a behaviour that may be to ones advantage but is also to the advantage of others. The questions of why we behave this way or what motivates us to behave in this manner and the relevance to society today are the focus of this paper. Various research and theories has explained why altruistic behaviour is undertaken intentionally in the human world. Introduction We often read or hear about acts of generosity and courage, such as, fund raisers or concerts to  help homeless people, the fostering of a child and sponsoring his or her education, or of volunteers risking their lives to help victims in incidents like September 11 terrorist attack in the United States. We could have donated some money to orphanages or cared for a wounded dog. Such humane acts are defined by Psychologists as altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). Altruistic acts could be unselfish or done for personal gain or egoistic reasons. Indeed in a psychological paradigm, psychologists believe that true altruistic behaviour does not exist (Moghaddam, 1998). But how do we account for the behaviour of Mother Theresa or Mahatma Gandhi and many other unselfish acts of human endeavours? In order to explore this we have to understand the person variable and situational variable motivating the altruistic act (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). As we are aware behaviour is determined by personal and situational variables. A persons ability to empathise with the needy or to feel responsible for anothers welfare has great impact on altruistic behaviour. Situations influence the strength of the altruistic motivation. Reciprocity and exchange are important aspects of altruism (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Humans give and receive from others everywhere. Reciprocity is the basic principle of every religion in the world for example, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam (Brosnahan, 2003). To act altruistically, requires consciousness and caring, and similarly, pet owners can often cite altruistic behaviour or at least conscious acts of kindness on the part of cats and dogs (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Another good example would be the nursing,  profession founded on the notion of helping people, sometimes even at a cost to nurses themselves. There are many ways people show altruism. To explain why we do altruistic acts like volunteering, donating or raising funds, we need to distinguish between four different forms of altruism which are observed in humans that shown towards kin, a partner, a friend, and individual who does not fit into these categories (http://www. theunityofknowledge. org/the_evolution_of_altruism/introduction. htm, 2003) Of the several types of altruism a main focus has been on heroic altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). It is a short term intervention requiring physical action and tends to fit more the masculine gender. On the other hand Nurturant altruism requires more patience, listening and a caring attitude with long term involvement. This more closely fits the image of the traditional feminine gender (Moghaddam, 1998). The Bystander effect greatly influences helping behaviour, because of common ignorance of bystanders and assumptions about other bystanders actions. Each persons scope of responsibilities can decrease in the presence of others ( Moghaddam, 1998). In  order for Bystander to help he or she has to posses social skills to interpret the situation and take appropriate actions (Moghaddam, 1998). Initially from a theoretical perspective if a person knows how to overcome obstacles to he or she giving help, subsequently other people start questioning whether the helping behaviour was true altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). A later there was a theory of Daniel Batson empathy-altruism, believes that people help out of a genuine desire(Moghaddam, 1998). Other theories propose that altruistic behaviour is egoistic and put the hypothesis that helping behaviour is a way to  repair a helpers image (Moghaddam, 1998). Methodology An interview was conducted with a woman who volunteers her services with meals on wheels and has done nearly sixteen years. She is a retired school teacher living alone. I assumed that her altruistic behaviour had a self fulfilling motive. Therefore I chose her and I wanted to clarify or confirm my assumption. In order to facilitate my focus interviewee was given ten questions asking about her volunteering profile, and her motivating factors. This interview created awareness of other influencing factors motivating her altruistic behaviour.

Helicobacter Pylori: Pathogenesis, Symptoms and Incubation

Helicobacter Pylori: Pathogenesis, Symptoms and Incubation Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a type of intestinal bacteria (spiral-shaped gram-negative) that cause the majority of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. They thrive in highly acidic environments and have a unique way of adapting to the harsh environment of the stomach. H. pylori have been classified as low-potential carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) by the World Health Organization. The Life Cycle (Pathogenesis) of Helicobacter pylori H. pylori are able to survive in stomach acid because they produce enzymes (special proteins) that neutralize the acid. This mechanism allows H. pylori bacteria to enter the stomach and make their way to the safe area the protective mucous lining of the stomach wall. When the bacterium is in the mucous lining of the stomach, the bodys natural defenses cannot reach it. The immune system will respond to an H. pylori infection but will not be able to kill the bacteria since they are hidden in the stomach lining. The immune system will keep sending infection fighters to the infection site and H. pylori will feed on the nutrients provided by the body, allowing them (the bacteria) to survive in the stomach environment. H. pylori weaken the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, allowing the stomach acid to get through to the sensitive lining beneath. Both the acid and the bacteria irritate the lining, causing gastritis (stomach inflammation) and perhaps the formation of an ulcer within a few days of the initial infection. Ironically, it may not be the H. pylori bacteria, but the inflammation response to the bacteria, that causes the ulcer to form. The series of steps the pathogenic mechanisms that H. pylori go through when establishing themselves in the stomach are as follows: Attachment The H. pylori bacteria must enter the stomach and attach themselves to the lining of the stomach to establish an environment in which to grow. Toxin production H. pylori produce poisonous substances to increase the secretion of water and electrolytes in the stomach and cause cell death in the cells of the stomach lining. This will help the bacteria take over the stomach environment and will lessen the competition for required nutrients. Cell invasion The bacteria will enter the stomach lining cells for protection and will then kill the cells they are in (their host cells) so that they can move on to invade more stomach-lining cells. This process will continue, thus creating tissue damage. This tissue damage will become the ulcer formation in the stomach. Loss of microvilli/villi The substances released into the host cell during the Cell Invasion step cause a change in the stomach-lining cells. This change results in fewer calories getting absorbed by the stomach. The consequence? The body will get fewer nutrients from the food eaten at every meal. Ulcers occur when there is a break down in the mucous layer lining the stomach, allowing the gastric (stomach) acid and digestive enzymes to attack and aggravate the actual stomach muscle. Helicobacter pylori contribute to this breakdown by  living in this layer and increasing the chances of it breaking down. Stress and diet may irritate an ulcer, but do not cause it. Symptoms and incubation time of an H. pylori infection Getting an H. pylori infection is nothing like catching a common cold in that immediate consequences of an infection are rarely seen. In fact, it is possible to go many years without noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, abdominal discomfort is the most common. This discomfort is usually a dull, gnawing ache that comes and goes for several days or weeks. It usually occurs two to three hours after a meal or in the middle of the night (when the stomach is empty) and is relieved by eating, drinking milk or taking antacid medications. Other symptoms include: heartburn, increased burping, weight loss, bloating and burping, and less common symptoms include: poor appetite, nausea and vomiting. If you suspect that you have an ulcer and experience any of the following symptoms, a doctor should be called right away. Sharp, sudden, persistent stomach pain Bloody or black stools Bloody vomit or vomit that looks like coffee grounds The above symptoms could be signs of a serious problem, such as: Perforation when the ulcer burrows through the stomach or duodenal wall. Bleeding when acid or the ulcer breaks a blood vessel. Obstruction when the ulcer blocks the path of food trying to leave the stomach. Epidemiology Infection with H. pylori occurs worldwide, but the prevalence varies greatly among countries and among population groups within the same country. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection is strongly correlated with socioeconomic conditions. The prevalence among middle-aged adults is over 80 percent in many developing countries, as compared with 20 to 50 percent in industrialized countries. Prevalence of infection is higher in developing countries than that of developed nations. In developed countries,although overall prevalance of infection in young children is Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the Indian subcontinent. Exposure occurs in childhood and approximately 80% of adults have been infected at some time. Sero-surveys indicate a seroprevalence of 22%-57% in children under the age of five, increasing to 80%-90% by the age of 20, and remaining constant thereafter. There is now evidence from epidemiological studies that H pylori carriers have a significantly greater risk for the development of gastric cancer. Results from three prospective epidemiological studies10-12 estimate that H pylori carriers have a 2.8- to 6.0-fold increased risk of gastric cancer developing over mean follow-up periods of 6 to 16 years when compared with their H pylori-negative counterparts. The overall mean risk was calculated to be 3.8.13 This odds ratio increased to 8.7 in those who were diagnosed 15 years or more after testing positive for H pylori. H. pylori infection- treatment Ulcers caused by H. pylori can usually be cured with a one or two-week course of antibiotics. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics, acid suppressors, and stomach protectors. Acid suppression by the H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor in conjunction with the antibiotics helps alleviate ulcer-related symptoms, helps heal gastric mucosal inflammation and may enhance the effectiveness of the antibiotics against H. pylori at the gastric mucosal surface. The use of only one medication to treat H. pylori is not recommended. At this time, the most proven effective treatment is a two-week course of treatment called triple therapy. It involves taking two antibiotics to kill the bacteria and either an acid suppressor or stomach-lining protector to protect the stomach lining. Two-week triple therapy reduces ulcer symptoms, kills the bacteria, and prevents ulcer recurrence in more than 90 percent of patients, but, unfortunately, patients may find triple therapy complicated beca use it involves taking as many as twenty pills a day. The antibiotics used in triple therapy may cause mild side effects such as: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark stools, metallic taste in the mouth, dizziness, headache, and yeast infections in women. Marketted formulation available in India for H.pylori infection Brand name Chemicals Company HELIBACT combi-pack Omeprazole 20 mg,amoxycillin 750mg,tinidazole 500mg. RPG LS HELIKIT kit Omeprazole(1cap) 20 mg,amoxycillin(1 tab) 750mg,tinidazole(1 tab) 500mg. Zydus cadila L-COT kit 1 cap Omeprazole 20mg,1 tab Clarithromycin 250mg,tinidazole 500mg LUPIN PYLOKIT kit 2 caps of lansoprazole 30mg,2 tabs of tinidazole 500mg,2 tabs of clarithromycin 250mg CIPLA ZOVANTA kit 2 tabs of amoxicillin 750mg,2 tabs of tinidazole 500mg,2 tabs of pantoprazole 40mg Dr.Reddys

Marketing :: essays research papers

The Brand/Product: 1.Attributes: The attributes are the product's primary characteristics, both physical and functional. They are what the consumer might recognize first about the product through the five senses. The physical attributes are what make the product what it is. They are scent, texture, package, contents, variety and price. The functional attributes are shown by how the products work. They include sun protection, moisture for the skin and an attractive promotion. 2. Benefits: Benefits are what the actual product attributes can do for the consumer. It is important to make these benefits different from the competition's. Each physical attribute possesses certain benefits that satisfy the consumers wants. The scent of our product is what makes our lotion so different. None of our competition brands have a scented sun tan lotion on the market that is targeted at our segment; the only other is Coppertone Kids' varieties (5). Our lotion comes in a very appealing scent that makes the consumer feel comfortable and excited about putting sun tan lotion on their bodies. There is no overbearing or strong oily scent like some lotions, and there is no fake odor like the "coconut" tanning oils that are on the market today (1). All of this was taken into consideration when we came out with our light, refreshing and mild- scented fragrance called "Summer Rain." All of our varieties of lotion will be in this scent because it is one that can be appealing to all different types of people, not just our target market. The texture is non-oily and does not feel too heavy on the skin. This is important because when people use our product, they will be pleased that they do not have to worry about clogs pores that may lead to acne. It also leaves the skin feeling healthier because of the natural moisturizers. Our lotion comes in three different varieties for different skin types. We have lotion for normal skin, dry skin, and oily skin. Each lotion has certain amounts of Vitamin E, aloe and vera and other moisturizers so that the skin will "always return to its natural balance" as it is used (4). The contents of our product are always organic and pure. We use only the finest and botanical ingredients, all carefully tested for purity and effectiveness. (4) This makes the product safer to use for the consumer and for the earth. It is clean and refreshing, not oily and irritating.

A Comparison of The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem Essay -- comparison com

Comparing The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem      Ã‚  Ã‚   Two great intellectuals of the early twentieth century wrote works of fiction that have become classics; they espoused polar-opposite views, however, of how society best functions. Their battle between communalism, as pictured in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, and individualism, as portrayed in Ayn Rand's Anthem, was played out in their novels, and still continues to this day. Based on Ayn Rand's book Anthem, Rand would definitely believe that there is a greater danger involved in communalism than in individualism. The book offers a vision of a distant retrograde future in which the candle is the newest invention; individualism has been completely suppressed; and one of the most commonly used words today, "I," is completely unheard of. The book celebrates the heroism of an individual - the main character, Equality 7-2521 - in his fight to promote individual achievement. Once banished for his individualistic beliefs, he and his girl, Liberty 5-3000, discover the wonders of human freedom and the word "I." With his newfound gift, Equality 7-2521 pledges to return to the civilization and destroy the oppression of the collective spirit, and liberate humanity into "a world in which each man will be free to exist for his own sake." It was mainly written as a response to the widening acceptance of philosophies of totalitarian governments, but also to the belief of sacrificing individual liberties for the public good, ever-present during the "Red Scare." In place of these ideas, Rand developed her theory of "Objectivism," which celebrates reason, capitalism, and individuality. Rand expresses these beliefs throughout the entirety of the book by showi... ... has to be both. Also, it is good to sacrifice a little bit for the greater good, but you can't sacrifice as much as you would in communalism or as little as in individualism. For example, the sacrificing of civil liberties during the now-present "War on Terrorism" is becoming too great of a sacrifice; also, in the case of Enron, they didn't sacrifice enough, and the result was devastating to many people. Ayn Rand and John Steinbeck, from the perspective of the very early twentieth century, have set forth in their novels opposing views that continue to be debated in the twenty-first century. Based on current events, it seems highly unlikely that the argument over Individualism and Collectivism will be resolved soon, if ever. Sources Rand, Ayn   Anthem New York: Signet 1961. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1978.

Planning a 12 week scheme of work Essay -- essays research papers

PGCE Assignment 2: Planning a 12 week scheme of work. Introduction This assignment has been designed to plan and produce a twelve week scheme of work in association with Unit 1: BTEC ND e-Media Production course. The course is designed to develop learners’ skills and knowledge in reading, analysing and deconstructing of e-media. Reece and Walker (2000) discuss, there are several building blocks to be considered when planning for effective learning. I will discuss the sections of the planning process that need to be considered planning for a lesson. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lesson content and building blocks of lesson planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The methodology of Teaching and learning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theories of learning and what influences planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment through the use of a self-evaluation pro-forma. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motivational and Equal Opportunities issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self –Evaluation. Lesson content and building blocks of lesson planning Benjamin Bloom developed an analysis of academic learning behaviours in the field of education, known as Bloom’s Taxonomy. These behaviours were categorized into three interrelated and overlapping learning domains; Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor domains. In this section I will describes in point each of these three learning domains. The Cognitive Domain The Cognitive Domain is a person’s intellectual ability. Cognitive learning behaviours are characterized by observable and unobservable skills such as comprehending information, organizing ideas, and evaluating information and actions. There are six levels of intellectual behaviour important in learning within the cognitive domain; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowledge is a starting point that includes both the acquisition of information and the ability to recall information when needed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comprehension is the basic level of understanding. It involves the ability to know what is being communicated in order to make use of the information. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application is the ability to use a learned skill in a new situation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analysis separates information into part for better understanding. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synthesis is the ability to combine existing ele... ...es: Recommended Reading [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~assess/slo.htm] Other Sites: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database (Taxonomy) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bloom's Taxonomy [The Teaching and Educational Development Institute] o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bloom Resources o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.reach.ucf.edu/~acg4401/Handouts/blooms.htm o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.stedwards.edu/cte/bloomtax.htm o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.aphs.sa.edu.au/soc_env/skills/bloom.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://its.foxvalley.tec.wi.us/iss/curric-assessment/COLUMN.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www-ee.eng.hawaii.edu/~tep/EE367/Coop/bloom.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.utexas.edu/student/lsc/handouts/1414.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cityu.edu/facultystaff/teachingtips.asp [Teaching Tips, City University (Bellevue, WA)] o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guide to Theories of Learning o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet Resources for Higher Education Outcomes Assessment [http://www2.acs.ncsu.edu/UPA/assmt/resource.htm] Planning a 12 week scheme of work Essay -- essays research papers PGCE Assignment 2: Planning a 12 week scheme of work. Introduction This assignment has been designed to plan and produce a twelve week scheme of work in association with Unit 1: BTEC ND e-Media Production course. The course is designed to develop learners’ skills and knowledge in reading, analysing and deconstructing of e-media. Reece and Walker (2000) discuss, there are several building blocks to be considered when planning for effective learning. I will discuss the sections of the planning process that need to be considered planning for a lesson. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lesson content and building blocks of lesson planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The methodology of Teaching and learning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theories of learning and what influences planning. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment through the use of a self-evaluation pro-forma. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motivational and Equal Opportunities issues. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self –Evaluation. Lesson content and building blocks of lesson planning Benjamin Bloom developed an analysis of academic learning behaviours in the field of education, known as Bloom’s Taxonomy. These behaviours were categorized into three interrelated and overlapping learning domains; Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor domains. In this section I will describes in point each of these three learning domains. The Cognitive Domain The Cognitive Domain is a person’s intellectual ability. Cognitive learning behaviours are characterized by observable and unobservable skills such as comprehending information, organizing ideas, and evaluating information and actions. There are six levels of intellectual behaviour important in learning within the cognitive domain; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowledge is a starting point that includes both the acquisition of information and the ability to recall information when needed. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comprehension is the basic level of understanding. It involves the ability to know what is being communicated in order to make use of the information. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Application is the ability to use a learned skill in a new situation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analysis separates information into part for better understanding. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synthesis is the ability to combine existing ele... ...es: Recommended Reading [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~assess/slo.htm] Other Sites: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database (Taxonomy) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bloom's Taxonomy [The Teaching and Educational Development Institute] o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bloom Resources o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.reach.ucf.edu/~acg4401/Handouts/blooms.htm o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.stedwards.edu/cte/bloomtax.htm o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.aphs.sa.edu.au/soc_env/skills/bloom.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://its.foxvalley.tec.wi.us/iss/curric-assessment/COLUMN.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www-ee.eng.hawaii.edu/~tep/EE367/Coop/bloom.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.utexas.edu/student/lsc/handouts/1414.html o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cityu.edu/facultystaff/teachingtips.asp [Teaching Tips, City University (Bellevue, WA)] o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guide to Theories of Learning o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internet Resources for Higher Education Outcomes Assessment [http://www2.acs.ncsu.edu/UPA/assmt/resource.htm]

Implementing Vygotsky’s Model of Child Development

Implementing Vygotsky's  Social  Learning Theory  in the Classroom Jodi Zeman Growing and Learning Theories VTE-ED 571 October 25, 2010 Sheryl Bunn 2 Implementing Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory in the Classroom Contrary to Sigmund Freud's theory,  Lev  Vygotsky's concept is anchored in the idea that a child learns new complex tasks from a more advanced adult or sibling helping him or her through these new situations. His  cognitive-developmental approach based on an idea Jerome Bruner later labeled â€Å"scaffolding† (Wood, Bruner, ; Ross, 1976).This person leads the child through tasks that might otherwise be too advanced for a developing child  alone,  but with the guidance and help from the leader these are attainable. This gives the child a guide as he or she progresses and eventually begins to conquer problems or new tasks independently. A large part of the  success of the child has to do with the structure  or â€Å"scaffolding† the c hild has in place  to help him or her along the  journey thus making social interaction a vital part of his  theory. This concept applies directly to the high school physical education â€Å"classroom†.There are unique challenges that a teacher comes across when trying to use traditional instructional methods in an atypical classroom. The learning environment is not always conducive to the educator communicating important points with visual, audio and tactile cues to help. There is no â€Å"note taking† or list of terms on the whiteboard used to offer reinforcement. Instead  of an  educator lecturing  the theories and fundamental rules involved in an activity, the teacher must take an active role to  engage with the students.Vygotsky's approach is very hands-on, in that there is  no formal distance between the teacher and the 3 students in  instruction. The teacher interacts with the students and helps them to complete tasks that might otherwise be mo re advanced than they  would be able to handle on their own. An example of this in the area of physical education would be illustrated in  an introduction to volleyball. We would start by reviewing techniques used to do basic fundamental skills needed for volleyball while introducing the terms and names for these techniques.The teacher would then demonstrate these techniques for the students to use as a visual guide for what the skill set might look like, and also go over common pitfalls students might face in the  physical activity to alleviate pressures  some of the students might have before attempting the exercise. We would start with basic technical skills and give each student a chance to participate in the exercise. Once all the students demonstrate the basic skill discussed, we would introduce a slightly more challenging version of the first drill.For instance, initially the teacher or a partner would toss a ball up in the air to the person demonstrating â€Å"the p ass† and the participant would then try to  pass the volleyball back to the tosser. The other students would watch and support the students when they were successful. The nature of a physical education class does lend itself to Vygotsky's  cooperative ideas and team learning style. The students can break up into groups and work together to improve the skills set forth for the class.A modification of this exercise to make it more challenging would be to pair the students up and instead of tossing the ball back to each other they would try to pass the ball back and forth in a controlled manner to the other partner. They would try to  keep the passes going in a controlled manner back and forth to each other. I would then 4 observe and let the students try to explore the task with a partner. If there were people who struggled with the initial drill I would pair them  up with a classmate who successfully completed the task.Once we complete the initial introduction to the ba sic skill of passing we would then introduce the class to the actual playing area. This would serve both the struggling student and the one acting as a peer tutor to understand the skill further. The nature of Vygotsky's theory is grounded in the concept that the environment we are in will have a direct and powerful role in how we might learn and grow. This is why it is so incredibly important for students to receive positive praise for their efforts.Anytime the students complete a requested task there should be a lifting up of that student and recognition that the goal was met. Physical education can be a bit tricky because you have so many students with different athletic levels and backgrounds. The students also may have self-esteem issues which are often put into the forefront when having to demonstrate skills in front of others. This leaves the student open to the possibility of failure of the task and consequently, ridicule. That is why in P. E. the instructor has to emphasize the importance of effort more than execution.A positive attitude and a effort-filled attempt is a praise-worthy demonstration of an exercise. Mastery will only come if the student feels comfortable enough to put himself or herself out there to try it.References Bee, H. , ; Boyd, D. (2004). The Developing Child. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix e-Book     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collection database. Barbara Blake and Tambra Pope (2008). Developmental Psychology: Incorporating Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s Theories in Classrooms. Journal of Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Education Vol. 1, No. 1 (May 2008) 59 – 67.

The development of aggression and violence in the American youth

In the introductory portion, the writer introduces the relevance of the study to the present reality by briefly indicating the focal areas that are covered in the paper. Basically, the thesis statement or argument is presented in prà ©cis to complete this part.Problem statements and milieuThe paper seeks to explain the development of an individual’s aggression and or violence in the context of society, family and internal mental or thinking patterns. Whether the results are a combination of the factors will be posed as inquiry in this section with a corresponding hypothesis.Review of Related StudiesThis portion explains the peer-reviewed works of psychologists and sociologists and others in the profession with the intention of analyzing the important and strategic breakthroughs in science on the issue and which the present paper seeks to accentuate considering the need of the hour (Works of Bjork, Furst, Sidney, Wacker, David,   Tremblay et al, Harris, Mary; Hogh et al, Hob bs, Brackney et al,II. Results and findings   A. Definition of termsUsing DSM and other credible sources for the operational definition of the foremost significant terminologies employed in the paper. (Works from Aggression from Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, DSM definition)   B. Theoretical Framework  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ~ Factors influencing Aggression  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explores different perspectives in the understanding of AggressionII. Discussion of Results and FindingsIt is assumed that the following are major contributing factors that influence aggression and/or violence. Discussion section of the paper further establishes the researcher’s findings based on the problem statement and hypothesis made. The following are salient points that are developed by the researcher.â€Å"What can make an individual youth commit violent acts?†Ã‚  ~ Pornography and violence in the internet and media  ~ Depression among th e teens  ~ Domestic Violence (DV) and Aggressionâ€Å"What should or can be done to reduce the incidence or curtail youth violence or aggression?†Since the issue is a prevailing and existing individual, familial and societal problem, and many studies are already conducted to apply effective interventions, this section of the paper seeks to enumerate and describe the leading and effective treatments and/or interventions on the matter. It also attempts to give a balanced view on the plus and minuses or pros and cons of the prescribed interventions.III. Summary of findingsProvides a brief summary of the study’s findings.IV. Conclusion and RecommendationThe writer addresses the reader to his/her own reflections regarding the study he/she made on the problem. However, considering the limitation of logistics and other factors, she/he prescribes or outlines his/her own recommendation/s regarding the problem and it is to be undertaken in future studies.IV. ReferenceExact doc uments used or employed throughout the study are herein listed in APA format.

Fate vs. Free Will: Re-examining the Belief through Sophocles’ Oedipus the King Essay

Fate has always been the central argument in almost every Greek drama known to human civilization. Mankind has always been convinced that we cannot go against the tide, as all things are bound to happen, waiting to happen, and will happen. We have always been a believer of oracles, the fanfare of fortune-tellers, we hold our breaths to what the cards will tell of our fortune and our future. But if this is to be believed, then we are unwittingly giving up our free will, our right and capability to make decisions, we are giving away our logic and our right to draw our own lives, but rather, giving it all up to a greater force, an invisible hand that commands us to do what we ought to do. In the interest of discussion and deep philosophical reckoning, may I ask, is life, as unpredictable as it is, drawn by fate or by free will? Oedipus the King, one of the three Theban plays written by Sophocles, has been the center of many discussions on this topic. The question of whether fate or free will contributed to the downfall of Oedipus poses a great many questions to scholars and common folks alike. The question is an unwitting examination of our own lives, are we the products of the choices we take, or victims and collateral damages to a greater, unfolding plan. Fate, has been defined as the will or principle or determining cause by which things in general are believed to come to be as they are or events to happen as they do (Webster 128). By essence, we as common folks cannot choose our own undertaking but rather, just follow whatever it is that is bound to happen. Oedipus life has been marred by the predictions and indications of the Delphian Oracle. He, together with Laius and Jocasta, gave tremendous weight to what fate has instructed them to portray. And in their efforts to change what has been written, they have fallen victims to their own destiny, entangled with the cobwebs of lies and deceit that they made to cover up what their own personal flaws and fears. It is interesting to know and to reckon, however, that the oracle says the son will kill his father and mate with his mother, what if the child that was delivered was a daughter and not a son? Or it would have been a quick and quiet solution if Jocasta or Laius himself killed the baby and not just delegate it to a servant, thus avoiding the case of insubordination, which proved deadly for all the characters involved. Or, they could have just raised Oedipus by themselves, in their own guidance, within their very reach, for no moral man shall kill his own father and have a relationship with his own mother. In shorter terms, there could have been many alternatives, many ways, many options, which could have been effective and could have prevented the tragedy that has befallen the House of Laius. Free will could have worked things out in this tangled story of murder and incest. Logic could have outwitted the fates that are conveniently believed to direct our destinies. But then, some may think, this is still a gamble on the things to come. Again, let me cite another story, this time in the form of a short story by Mark Twain, aptly entitled Luck. It has clearly illustrated how a man who lacks luster in any field, became an illustrious and decorated military officer. He has been pursued, day by day and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness (Twain 64). This fictional character, Lieutenant General Lord Arthur Scoresby, seems to have all the luck in the world, transforming the worst of blunders into the most brilliant and astonishing of all the military tactics. To romantics, it seems that the universe has conspired to give him the best of fortunes and enjoy the best of life. But again, let me ask, for purposes of reckoning and discussion, what if poor Scoresby â€Å"choose† other field and not enter the world of military, where outwitting and counter outwitting the enemy is a practice? Or, what if the reverend, instead of helping him, just let him fail his subjects I the military school? A choice has been given to the reverend, but alas, he choose to undertake the road that led to the unthinkable and unlikely success of the stupid man. His own choice, then, it is safe to say, has catapulted the General to his place in history. Force, or the lack of it, is an underlying factor in this topic. Oedipus has always known he will one day kill a man that is father, therefore, he should have prevented himself to kill any man, be it a stranger or the man he has believed all along to be his father, King Polybus. Nobody forced him to kill anyone, or at least, no other hand guided the sword that killed Laius but his own. He has been warned that he will one day commit and incestuous relationship with his own mother, then, he should have prevented himself from marrying any woman, be it any woman or the woman he has believed all along to be his mother, Merope. He, therefore, has guided his own undoing. Oedipus, therefore, is the only one responsible for fulfilling the prophecy, for in no page of the play did I find that any other hand or force guided him to do as he did, but his own choice, his own free will. The knowledge of the murder and the incest should have warned him and equipped him with a list of what not to do in his life, but instead, he let his own flaws draw his destiny. The question of fate and free will is an age old problem, and the solution will not be found in the endless debates, lustrous academic and para-academic discussions, or literary discourses. Our lives, whether we believe it or not, are products of our choices, we are of our own doing, or undoing. If we allow ourselves to believe that, like the planets in the universe, lifeless and dull, we are drawn to follow a certain order, then, we practically give up our right to life, our freedom, our individuality, but instead, we accept that we are common, unspecial, and nothing more than a dry leaf mercilessly thrown around by the wind, we are nothing but a stone that will forever remain at the bottom of the sea, or up in the mountains, that we are at the mercy of someone we don’t see. Lastly, let me just share, not a quote or a passage, but a law that has been proven time and time again, authored by the great Sir Isaac Newton. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. I believe, no other external force is at play, but that, which we call â€Å"ourselves†. Works Cited Cohen, I. Bernard and George E. Smith. The Cambridge Companion to Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Dodds, E. R. â€Å"On Misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex. † Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. New York: Chelsea House, 1988: 35-47. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Thrift Editions, 1991. Twain, Mark and Justine Kaplan. The Signet Classic Book of Mark Twain’s Short Stories. New York: Signet Classics, 1985.

Sharing Responsibility †Role of local and state bodies: Disaster Management Essay

‘Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Disaster — The term ‘DISASTER’ has been taken from a French word ‘Desastre’ (French ‘des’ means bad and ‘astre’ means star) meaning bad evil star. A disaster whether natural or human induced, is an event which results in widespread human loss. It is accompanied by loss of livelihood and property causing devastating impact on socio-economical conditions. India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to sufer from various disasters like-flood, drought, cyclone, landslide, earthquake, forestfire, volcanic erruptions, roits, terrorist attacks etc. Natural disasters- It is an event that is caused by a natural hazard and leads to human, material, economical and environmental losses. They are beyond the control of human beings. Nature provides us with all the resources, but it can be sometimes cruel also. Some examples of natural disasters are- the 2001 earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the 2008 earthquake in China, the 2007 cyclone in Myanmar. Eg. Floods, Drought, Earthquake, Volcano, Cyclones, Landslides, Avalanches etc. Human-Induced Disasters- Man made disasters are caused by human activities such as nuclear explosion, chemical & biological weapons, industrial pollution, war, accidents etc.Some serious destructions caused by humans, which affects the human beings and the socio-economic conditions of that area. For example- the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, train derailments, serial blasts in Mumbai in 2008 (26/11) etc. Eg, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Disasters. Disaster Management It is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. In general it is the continuous process by which all individuals, groups and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or minimize the impact of the disasters resulting from the hazards. It is almost impossible to fully control the damage caused by the disaster, but it is possible to minimize to some extent by these ways- (1) By early warning given by MET. department through radio, TV. (2) The police control room , fire control officers , the near by RED-cross office and other rescue teams should be informed. (3) Spread awareness about disasters and tips to handle them. (4) Space technology plays a very important role in efficient mitigation of disasters. (5) Major loss of life and property can be avoided with carefull planning along with and effective warning and evacuation procedure. (6)We should cooperate with the rescue teams. It is our moral and social duty that we should help in arranging relief camps for those who have suffered. Role Of Local People In Managing Disasters- 1. Spread awareness about disasters 2. Organise mock camps in their holidays in neighbouring villages to train people to cope up with disasters 3. The basic role of students is spreading ‘AWARENESS’ of what to do during and after disasters. This would lessen the death toll, panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running about 4. Be a part of emergency rescue team 5. A big aspect of disaster management is preparedness 6. Students can also provide first aod which would help authorities in saving lives 7. Deforestation should be checked 8. Buildings should not be built on steep slopes and every construction should follow the Architechtural Parameters. INTRODUCTION: India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters. Evenas substantial scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decreased. Over the past couple of years, the Government of India has brought about a paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management. The new approach proceeds from the conviction that development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development process. This project discusses the roles that government andvarious agencies that play an important role in managing disasters. We too as citizens of India can play a major role. We can also be a volunteer and also a skilled personnel and save lives of our near and dear country men/women in any disaster scenario. At the time of disaster various agencies both government and non – government organizations playa crucial role in preparing the society. Home Guards, Civil Defense, Volunteers of national Service Scheme, NehruYuva Kendra Sangathan too play a major role at the time of crisis. This chapter tries to understand the functions and role of these agencies in disaster management, who make the society a better place to lives. http://www.annauniv.edu/nss/aboutnss.htm (impo) http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/disaster.html (impo) http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/67723-SHARING-RESPONSIBILITY-ROLE-OF-LOCAL-AND-STATE.aspx (impo) http://disaster.ifas.ufl.edu/PDFS/CHAP03/D03-07.PDF http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter15.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Human_Duties_and_Responsibilities http://www.nagalandhgcd.nic.in/CD%20disaster%20mngt.html (civil defence in disaster management) http://www.nagalandhgcd.nic.in/index.html ( Nagaland Home Gaurds and Civil Defence Organisation) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(India)#Functions ( function of Home Guard ) http://www.un.org.in/_layouts/CMS/undmt.aspx ( UN Disaster Management Team ) http://www.psgtech.edu/ncc/02NccInfo.html (NCC – Impo) INDIAN CIVIL DEFENCE— Home Guard ( Delhi Home guard and civil defence) National Service Scheme UN DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM LOGO INDIAN ARMED FORCES: The Armed Forces have six main tasks; To assert the territorial integrity of India. To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation. To send own amphibious warfare equipment to take the battle to enemy shores. To follow the Cold Start doctrine, meaning that the Indian Armed Forces are able to quickly mobilize and take offensive actions without crossing the enemy’s nuclear-use threshold. However, officially, India denies having a cold start strategy – quoting the Indian Army chief: â€Å"There is nothing called ‘Cold Start’. As part of our overall strategy we have a number of contingencies and options, depending on what the aggressor does. In the recent years, we have been improving our systems with respect to mobilization, but our basic military posture is defensive.† To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding). To participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations in consonance with India’s commitment to the United Nations Charter. The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called â€Å"Customs and Etiquette in the Services†, written by retired Major General Ravi Arora, which details how Indian personnel are expected to conduct themselves generally. Arora is an executive editor of the Indian Military Review. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces#Current (Details on the above info. And pictures of president of republic of India, Headquarters of ministry of defense etc.) NCC – India It is the Indian military cadet corps with its Headquarters at New Delhi. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis. National Cadet Corps is a Tri-Services Organization, comprising the Army, Navy and Air Force, engaged in grooming the youth of the country into disciplined and patriotic citizens. The National Cadet Corps in India is a voluntary organization which recruits cadets from high schools, colleges and Universities all over India. The Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and parades. The officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course but are given preference over normal candidates during selections based on the achievements in the corps. NCC HISTORY – The NCC in India was formed with the National Cadet Corps Act of 1948. It was raised on 15 July 1948 The National Cadet Corps can be considered as a successor of the University Officers Training Corps (UOTC) which was established by the British in 1942. During World War II, the UOTC never came up to the expectations set by the British. This led to the idea that some better schemes should be formed, which could train more young men in a better way, even during peace times. A committee headed by Pandit H.N. Kunzru recommended a cadet organization to be established in schools and colleges at a national level. The National Cadet Corps Act was accepted by the Governor General and on 15 July 1948 the National Cadet Corps came into existence. MOTTO OF NCC Unity and Discipline (Ekta aur Anushasan) AIMS OF NCC – 1. To develop qualities of character, courage, comradeship, discipline, leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure and sportsmanship and the ideals of selfless service among the youth to make them useful citizen. 2. To create a human resource of organized trained and motivated youth to provide leadership in all walks of life including the Armed Forces and be always available for the service of the nation. HOW ARE DISASTERS MANAGED AT NATIONAL LEVEL? http://ndmindia.nic.in/DM-Booklet-080211.pdf (institutional mechanisms) HOW ARE DISASTERS MANAGED AT STATE LEVEL: 1. INTRODUCTION The state Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP) has been prepared for its operationalisation by various departments and agencies of the Government of Maharashtra and other Non-Governmental Agencies expected to participate in disaster management. This plan provides for institutional arrangements, roles and responsibilities of the various agencies, interlinks in disaster management and the scope of their activities. An elaborate inventory of resources has also been formalized. The purpose of this plan is to evolve a system to  · assess the status of existing resources and facilities available with the various departments and agencies involved in disaster management in the state;  · assess their adequacies in dealing with a disaster;  · identify the requirements for institutional strengthening, technological support, upgradation of information systems and data management for improving the quality of administrative response to disasters at the state level;  · make the state DMAP an effective response mechanism as well as a policy and planning tool. The state DMAP addresses the state’s response to demands from the district administration and in extraordinary emergency situations at multi-district levels. It is associated with disasters like road accidents, major fires, earthquakes, floods, cyclones, epidemics and off-site industrial accidents. The present plan is a multi-disaster response plan for the disasters which outlines the institutional framework required for managing such situations. The state DMAP specifically focuses on the role of various governmental departments and agencies like the Emergency Operations Centre in case of any of the above mentioned disasters. This plan concentrates primarily on the response strategy.

Learning Essay

Learning is a complex process that involves the acquisition of knowledge and skills through instruction, which modifies the behavior of man. (Merriam-Webster, 2008) Moreover, learning is the act of obtaining new information by undergoing educational instruction, reading, and other ways of gaining facts and information. Two types of learning characterize the process of acquiring information for learners. These two types of learning include cognitive or perceptual learning and behavioral or stimulus-response learning. These two shall be discussed in the following paragraphs in order to explicate the concept of learning and the role that cognition and behavior play in the process. Behavior plays a significant role in learning. Interest in learning, for instance, given that interest is a behavior, increases potential to accomplish academic success. Primarily, interest in learning as a behavior motivates people to attend programs in educational institutions, which lead to classroom instruction and learning. Interest is one efficient predictor of success in students. (Renningner, et. al. , 1992) There are established theories of learning which support the significant role of behavior in learning. Classical conditioning, authored by Ivan Pavlov, follows the theory of stimulus-response behavior. When applied to learning, the theory suggests that a particular stimulus influences response. Moreover, the theory explicates how behavior is developed, and in turn how certain behaviors influence learning. Basically, if a person is motivated to learn within the classroom environment, his behavior leans toward learning. This behavior produces desirable learning outcomes from the individual. (Staats, et. al. , 1963) The theory of classical conditioning has evolved throughout the years, and B. F. Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is similar to Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning, such that both theories suggest behavior as an integral part of learning. However, operant conditioning relies on the manipulation of stimulus or external factors in order to influence the behavior of learners. Positive reinforcements for desirable learning behavior motivates individuals to learn, while negative reinforcements that are administered for negative learning behavior reduces its occurrence. Reinforcements act as consequences to actions, whether positive or negative, which influences how individuals behave. (Huitt & Hummel, 1997) Behavioral learning may be applied in the classroom through motivation in the form of praises and rewards, and punishment. For instance, in order to arouse the interest of learners to attend school everyday, teachers should give incentives and punishments such as checking the attendance every day and giving rewards for learners who have complete attendance. On the other hand, learners who are always absent or late, are given rewards such as putting them in detention, extra work in the form of quizzes, assignments, etc. As students learn the value of being present every day because of the rewards, merits, and acknowledgements that they receive every day, they are able to understand why there is a need to attend classes and are able to adapt the behavior of coming to class regularly. For those who are always absent, thus, receiving demerits and punishments, they learn that in order to avoid being punished and receive rewards instead, they should go to class on time each day. This idea changes the behavior of students who are always absent. The basics of behavioral learning delve into the complex personality of learners and seek to understand the motivational techniques and strategies that incite the desire to learn from individuals. Determining these motivational techniques and strategies allows teachers to adjust their instructional techniques within the learning environment in order to adapt to the desires of learners and manipulate these desires to incite desirable learning outcomes. The secondary objective of behavioral learning is to lessen undesirable learning behaviors. Cognitive learning does not simply rely on stimulus and the response of learning in order to acquire necessary information for the learners. The mechanisms inside an individual’s brain form the basic concepts underlying cognitive learning. These mechanisms are called cognitive processes. Cognitive processes include the acquisition of knowledge and new information and manipulating these acquired knowledge and information to form concepts and ideas that are meaningful. (Think Quest) For instance, the concept of the color wheel is learned by determining all the different colors that make up the wheel, such as red, blue, green, orange, violet, etc. If colors are identified by their names and their appearance, the individual also learns to categorize primary colors from secondary colors, and secondary colors from tertiary colors, or tertiary colors from neutral, etc. Through this information, the concept of mixing primary colors to form secondary colors, etc. is learned. Cognitive processes that are involved in learning the concept of colors in the color wheel include observation, analysis and interpretation. Moreover, cognitive learning relies on the senses, such as hearing, sight, feeling, etc. , reading and comprehension, experience, analysis, observation, among others, in order for individuals to learn. (Think Quest) This is supported by theories authored by Piaget and Vygotsky. The socio-constructivist and socio-cultural theories relate cognition to learning, such that learning takes place through social interaction. Funderstanding, 2001) For instance, problem solving which entails knowledge and experience is influenced by social interaction with other people. A learner’s problem solving skills is derived from interpretation of his cultural background, how he sees other people and the world that he lives in. Basically, an individual’s schema, which is used to solve his problems, depends solely on social interaction, his experiences , and how he interprets these experiences.

International relations - contemporary global security Essay

International relations - contemporary global security - Essay Example Social constructivism may be a helpful tool in studying international relations. The discussion will be based on the thesis developed by Alexander Wendt: â€Å"Anarchy s what the state makes of it†. International relation theory is basically material. Social constructivism brings in a social ‘zest’ to theory of international relation. This research paper considers social constructivism as a perfect alternative for neorealist theory widely applied for international relations. Materialist theory analyzes behavior of states on the basis of material assets distribution. A balanced relation between states is usually measured by distribution of material power. It is relevant to note, that â€Å"social constructivists reject this narrow approach to analysis of the states’ power† (Social constructivism). From the perspective of social constructivism, a social aspect of international relations is of crucial importance. This point of view can be explained as f ollows: politics and society is developed under the influence of human consciousness (Social constructivism). Moreover, international system doesn’t exist separately. There are a lot of external and internal factors influencing on the global system development. Therefore, making analysis of global relations basing on a material basis is a narrow approach and there is a need to apply another theory that is more complex and socially-oriented. Anthropocentric context of the modern world’s development coincides with the ideas of Wendt, whose claim is discussed further on. Basic claims of social constructivism and neorealism applied for international relations The international society exists among people and thus is influenced by people’s ideas and not just by material assets. The system represents the result of human mental activity. As it is explained, the international system is â€Å"a set of ideas, a body of thought, a system of norms, which has been arranged by certain people at a particular time and place, a human invention or creation not of a physical or material kind but of a purely intellectual and ideational kind† (Social constructivism). In this paradigm, a claim made by Alexander Wendt â€Å"anarchy is what states make of it† (1992) may be interpreted in a different manner: for example, the system stability is questioned for sure. A constructivist theory of international relations should be considered in detail. For example, the main claim of constructivists is that it is possible to observe a correlation between neorealist uncertainty and materialist nature of the theory. Thus, in accordance with the social constructivism, it is better to focus on thoughts and ideas to realize the core essence of theory about anarchy and power balancing (Wendt, 1992). The difference between neorealism and constructivism can be seen in the following explanation of anarchy from these two different perspectives: thus constructivists c laim that structures (i.e., factors and regulations which direct social actions) can’t give explanation to the actors’ mechanical activities and neorealists state that â€Å"the structure of anarchy is oppressing for the state actors† (Fierke at al, 2001). Thus, we can see that both theories are focused on discussion about interrelation between actors and structures (Booth, 2005). Structures are actors’ constraints, but constructivists claim that structures can act in such a way that structures would be transformed in new directions. Therefore, there is a need to refer to ‘structuration’ which provides with a more flexible vision of structure and actors interrelation (Wendt, 1992). If to apply structural constructivism to international relation theory it will be clearly seen that anarchy should be considered in a less rigid manner. Power and interests of the state are not material factors, but rather are ‘objective entities’ (Wen dt, 1992). Moreover, Wendt claims that anarchy doesn’t lead to self-help. The interaction between states is a decisive factor of the

Local Development Framework in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Local Development Framework in England - Essay Example This paper illustrates that land-use planning system at the end of the 1990s was unable to deliver adequate infrastructure; this was identified as a key obstacle to economic development in the United Kingdom. This was one of the reasons that resulted in the 2004 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act. This radical new approach to planning in England signified the beginning of a new era of developing spatial rather than solely land-use plans. â€Å"The requirements of the new system, the implementation of plans and the delivery of infrastructure have been significantly strengthened through Local Development Frameworks (LDFs)† and newly formulated policy guidance and regulation. On the other hand, it is vital to comprehend the opportunities and challenges confronting policy makers in the delivery of infrastructure. This is essential, in view of the emphasis that the government is placing on reducing barriers to development, specially those associated with the delivery of housing a nd infrastructure. Local authority chief executives are required to involve themselves fully in the Local Development Framework system, entrenching it into the corporate centre. The executives should provide the resources and support to the planmaking process. They should make the resulting Local Development Framework a central instrument â€Å"in their corporate armoury to steer public and private capital investment and achieve Local Area Agreement outcomes†. ... ementation of plans and the delivery of infrastructure have been significantly strengthened through Local Development Frameworks (LDFs)† (Baker and Hincks, 2009 p.173) and newly formulated policy guidance and regulation. On the other hand, it is vital to comprehend the opportunities and challenges confronting policy makers in the delivery of infrastructure. This is essential, in view of the emphasis that the government is placing on reducing barriers to development, specially those associated with the delivery of housing and infrastructure. Local authority chief executives are required to involve themselves fully in the Local Development Framework system, entrenching it into the corporate centre. The executives should provide the resources and support to the planmaking process. They should make the resulting Local Development Framework a central instrument â€Å"in their corporate armoury to steer public and private capital investment and achieve Local Area Agreement outcomesà ¢â‚¬  (Rozee, 2008 p.621). Additionally, elected members require targeted training to comprehend the value that the Local Development Framework can contribute to their communities and their participation in achieving results. The Planning Advisory Service provides modules which help in the delivery of such training. However, it is evident that one of the most significant barriers to achieving the implementaion of plans is the delivery of the infrastructure required to support development. London has responded to the challenge of urban renewal, regeneration, and regional competition. However, it is occasionally handicapped by a complex London government structure. National, regional and local governments are all concerned with economic growth and development in London. A distinctive institutional

Compare and Contrast an Alligator vs. Crocodile Essay

Compare and Contrast an Alligator vs. Crocodile - Essay Example Alligators are generally categorized as belonging to the alligatoridae family of crocodilians that is seen to also include the caimans. Perhaps on the most distinguishing characteristic aspects of the alligator is the fact that the noses of alligators are generally shaped to have a rather wide U-shaped, and rounded snout that can be deemed as having the appearance of a shovel (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney187-188). This broad design of an alligators snout can be perceived to have been designed mainly for strength and is designed to ensure that the animal can be able to easily withstand the stress to its bone structure caused when it applies massive force in cracking the rather hard shells of invertebrates such as turtles that form a significant part of its diet. As a result of an alligator’s upper jaw being significantly larger than its lower jaw, its jaws completely overlap when its mouth is closed with the teeth on the lower jaw becoming completely hidden as they neatly fit int o small depressions located in the upper jaw (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney187-188; Tan 40). This aspect can be seen to be especially pronounced in relation to the large fourth tooth of the animal located in the lower jaw. The salt glands situated on the tongues of alligators are less effective as compared to those of crocodiles and generally appear to have lost their innate ability of enabling the animal to excrete significant amounts of salt (Tan 40). Alligators can be able to grow and attain a length of about 14 to 16 feet a length that is considerably larger that of some crocodile species (Smith 205). With a V-shaped snout, the snout of a crocodile is basically found to be more pointed as compared to an alligator. The shape of its snout is seen to cause the animal to become more generalized and much better adapted for a wider range of prey. A crocodile’s upper and lower jaws are fundamentally the same width