American Media Influence on Global Culture Essay - 2282 Words

American Media Influence on Global Culture Pop culture is a term coined by sociologists to define American media influence today. Society is bombarded with themes that define pop culture: progress, material gain, individual freedom and wealth. Media, in particular television commercials, movies, newspapers and radio stations, encourages Americans how to think, what to buy and where to live. According to a study done by graduate students at Harvard, as technology expands and media corporations seek audiences in foreign countries, fear of global cultural homogenization by American pop culture increases.[1] However, many barriers prevent American influence from producing cultural changes. Although American media companies develop†¦show more content†¦Time Warner, for example, has over two hundred subsidiaries worldwide and has generated over $300 billion in foreign markets. Of Time Warner s markets, film and television programs account for fifty percent, music for twenty percent, magazines and books for twenty perce nt and cable systems for ten percent. Time Warner programs broadcast in Europe include CNN International, TNT and HBO International. TIME and People Magazine are also top-selling magazines.[4] Disney has likewise found promising returns in Europe. Disney received $24 billion in sales in 1997 and is the only other company who contends with Time Warner s status as the world s largest media corporation. Disney also has stake in various industries, receiving thirty-one percent of its revenue from broadcasting and twenty-three percent from theme parks. A number of their television programs can be found in Europe including Disney Channel, ESPN International, and ABC. Other media giants that transmit programs in Europe are Viacom (MTV and Nickelodeon) which reaches ninety million households in seventy other countries outside the United States, News Corporation (Fox News Channel, Fox Sports Net and New York Post) and General Electric (NBC, CNBC, and MSNBC).[5] Italy, Turkey and GreeceShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Effects On The Global World1550 Words   |  7 Pagesglobalized society, commodities, ideologies, and hegemonic forces are constantly transferred from a dominating power onto other cultures with lesser global influence. The Disney media conglomerate yields an unprecedented amount of control over the means of media consumption on a global scale. As Souad Belkyr proposes in â€Å"Disney animation: Global diffusion and local appropriation of culture,† â€Å"Disney products function as an apparatus that potentially prescribe consumerist ideologies and individualistic ethicsRead MoreGlobal Media1711 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, people live in a global age and the pace of globalisation has accelerated as a result of the rapid development of technology and economy. Under the process of globalisation, both the local culture and the mass media are affected dramatically. The phenomenon of homogenisation and heterogenisation has been created and is considered as the most representative and symbolic impact. However, the topic of globalisation is highly controversial and needs to be analysed in depth. In history, threeRead MoreGlobalization Of The South : An Emerging Western Source Of International News Services1674 Words   |  7 Pagesold Western-dominated centre-periphery system by facilitating a cross culture dialogue (Samule-Azran, 2010). However, many scholars view Al-Jazeera as an exception, and its is important to remember that it comes from the richest country in the world – Qatar [10]. Counter flows from the South are also generated from particular cities like Mumbai, Cairo or Hong Kong, which concentrate finances, production and distribution of media content (Curtis, 2003). These cities are a concentration of nationalRead MoreHow Does Globalization Affect Cultural Traditions in the Arabic Communities?923 Words   |  4 Pagestraditions in Arab communities in many ways, like in language, education, media and customs. Globalization is making the world becoming a global village and the result is Arab communities cultural traditions are changing and are threaten to be lost . Globalization is not easy to define, but we can say it is process of integrating the worlds economies, trade, business and communications together. The problem is the culture that is dominate is the West, many people feel to be globalized meansRead MoreCoca Cola s Social Media Strategy Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesthe spreading of American culture through popular products, especially the soft beverage Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is an example of a cultural item that is repeatedly displayed in American television shows, movies, and other forms of media that are viewed throughout the world. For example, according to Kevin Shively, author of â€Å"Lessons from Coca-Cola’s Social Media Strategy: Cohesive Campaigns and Creative Content† on Simplymeasured.com, â€Å"Interbrand ranks them as the third largest global brand in the world†Read MoreUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe1054 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe A powerful trend is clearly underway in the direction of greater similarity in the way the public sphere is structured across the world. In their products, in their professional practices and cultures, in their systems of relationships with other political and social institutions, media systems across the world are becoming increasingly alike. Political systems, meanwileRead MoreThe Media and Its Responsibilities Essays1688 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes duties and responsibilities. The media is an integral part of everyday life and has become a leading player and influence of our society and it have an outcome on our nations’ future, viewpoint, and the globe’s view of us. The media are responsible for mainstream America ideals and the familiarity of the image based on the impact from the media. The media are fundamental of social influence and political decisions. The media have turned the average person on realityRead MoreHow Foreign Cultures and Media Influence Local Cultures, and Whether Local Cultures Are Eroded by Foreign Influences and Media969 Words   |  4 Pagesmass media plays a decisive role in the process of globalisation, spreading Western products, ideas and values around the world, which has created a profound influence on local culture of other countries. Thus, it is important to study how foreign cultures and media influence local cultures, and whether local cultures are eroded by foreign influences and media. This review examines a number of texts which are devoted to critical analysis of the relationship between foreign influences, media andRead MoreDevelopments in the Last Century1046 Words   |  5 PagesLast Century Brenda Steger Hum/186 Media Influences On American Culture June 8, 2013 Dr. Victoria Yancey Developments In The Last Century In detail this paper will show how the media played an important role in the culture today. It will answer the questions What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media in the last century? It will also ask How did each development influence American culture? And What is ment by the term media convergence and how it affected everydayRead MoreMass Media Essay720 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Emily Lewis Horne University of Phoenix HUM 186 October 30, 2017 The Major Developments of the Mass Media In the textbook, Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age, written by Richard Campbell, it talks about wat mass media is and the mass media developments. It said, â€Å"The mass media are the cultural industries—the channels of communication—that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, news- papers, movies, video games

Essay about Origin Of Hieroglyphics - 1117 Words

Ancient Egypt conjures up thoughts of a great civilization, one very advanced for its time. The Ancient Egyptians invented all different forms of literature, including poetry and short stories, and they were extremely advanced as far as art, medicine, science, and religion went. One of the more mysterious aspects to Ancient Egyptian civilization was their use of hieroglyphics. Very few people to this day can understand the complex language. The origin of these hieroglyphics seems to also to be misunderstood by many people. Some think that since the Egyptians were such a close, rigid society that they invented the form of writing called hieroglyphics, but that is simply not true. The origin of using pictures to represent things can be†¦show more content†¦Then, they brought back the idea back to Egypt, where it was quickly and openly accepted. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Egyptians, however, did not acknowledge the borrowing from Sumerian culture. Instead, they believed that writing had been invented by their god of learning, Thoth, so they called it â€Å"words of the gods† (Warburton, 70). And since written words came from the gods, they had magical powers. By carving a person’s name on a tomb or monument, the Egyptians believed that they were helping to keep that person alive if they had passed on. Similarly, by erasing a person’s name from the inscriptions would make the person disappear. Words were so powerful that putting a written list of objects in a tomb was the same as putting the objects in themselves. Since the Egyptians believed that a person’s life was bound up in his name, the Egyptian Kings often had five names, the most important being the throne and birth names (Harris, 18). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Egyptians developed this gift from the gods into their own unique writing system, using the pictograms they borrowed from the Sumerians but drawing them in a very different style. When the Egyptians first started writing, they used simple pictures to represent objects, just as the Sumerians had. In combination, these pictures could also narrate an event. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Egyptians, like Sumerians, must have quickly realized theShow MoreRelatedAncient Egyptians And The Egyptian Hieroglyphs1493 Words   |  6 Pagesof the gods, that is why the hieroglyphs were called ‘medu netjer’; ‘the gods’ words’. The hieroglyphics script were composed of three types of signs: logograms, representing words; phonograms, which represent sounds and the determinatives, placed at the end of a word to clarify its meaning (Scoville, P. 2015). This essay will outline the historical aspects of ancient Egypt, the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and how the writing system was developed. It will also talk about the decipherment of theRead MoreWhat Factors Played A Role In The Death And Life Of A Language?.1710 Words   |  7 Pagescultures and societies. Within these cultures lies languages and dialects. Sadly, there are serval hundred languages that have faded away from a cultural society. This research paper analyzes the factors that lead to the death and life of a language. Origin of language There are two different views on how human beings we were able to begin communicating with language. Historians believe that the first known communication between man was cave paintings. The paintings consist of signs and drawings of humanRead MoreThe Relationship Between Mythology And History : Ancient Mesopotamia And Egypt1125 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod monument building known as The Old Kingdom (2686-2160 B.C.E) . The Old Kingdom was the time Egypt’s largest pyramids were constructed . Texts contained on pyramid walls, known as hieroglyphics, provide a representation of Egyptian culture with depictions of religious and societal iconography . Pyramid hieroglyphics are not the only source of information scholars have regarding Egyptian mythology; The Book of the Dead, from the Egypt’s New Kingdom (1539-1069 B.C.E.) was translated in 1895 by E.ARead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 Pagesimpacting differences it what makes these two ci vilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"between two rivers.† The land is between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Defining moments for human civilization began within these two. The Nile River is approximately 4,260 miles long. It holds the recordRead MoreThe Discovery Of Being Mummified Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesbest and most expensive belongings. Today I am going to show you my exhibit of a Pharaoh’s Tomb. Some of the items found in Pharaoh’s Tomb were,Ancient furniture,mummies,Pharaoh’s,rings,and jewelry.There were also hieroglyphics on the walls,tunnel,spets,egyptian mummies wrapped in cloth,mini pyramids,and booby traps.Poison,curses,offerings,their most valuable possessions,vases and canopic jars that held their organs were also found.Chariots,boats,food,masks,ropes,statuesRead MoreThe Artifacts And Artifacts Of Pottery Of The East Coast Of Crete Near The Palace At Zakros Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagespieces of pottery found on the ships deck and surrounding the site. However, the artifacts are of differing origin. Some show distinct ancient Minoan culture with scenes of bulls and the common double axe symbol on semiglobular cups, bridge-spouted jars, beaked jugs. These works of ancient art are from Bronze Age Greece’s Late Minoan IA. Other artifacts show Egyptian origins with hieroglyphics on tablets and potteries; along with small religious figurines that r esemble Egyptian gods. The most relevantRead MoreSimilarities Between Egyptian And Mesoamerican Societies Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesof different lengths. Egypt and Mesoamerican societies had similar writing styles. They both used hieroglyphics the word meaning sacred inscriptions from Greek origin. The earliest known examples of writing was in 3400 B.C.E. The hieroglyphics were used to inscript on the walls of temples and tombs. The Mesoamericans used a similar writing style as the Egyptians called glyphs, short for hieroglyphics. The Mesoamericans used glyphs to depict real objects such as humans and animals. This was differentRead More Comparison of Babylonian Art vs. Egyptian Art Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ruler Queen Neferati whose tomb is where the painting rests. It is located in the Valley of Queens, near Deir el-Bahri in Egypt, and was painted between 1279-1212 B.C.E. Within the walls of the tomb are many depictions of the Queen using hieroglyphics to outline the figures. These are placed to show the afterlife of the Queen who was buried with the offerings depicted in the painting. Like the first piece Queen Nefer ati Making an Offering to Isis, has an elaborate background, just one of theirRead MoreAncient Egypt1704 Words   |  7 Pagescountry Kemet, which means black (after the land). The Greeks called the country Aigyptos, from the name Ha-ka-ptah, the main temple of the Egyptian capital at Memphis. Many modern beliefs and ideals, as well as much of manÕs knowledge, had their origin in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians developed the worldÕs first national government. Their religion was one of the first to emphasize a life after death. They produced an expressive art and literature. The Egyptians introduced stone architecture andRead MoreEssay about Ancient Egypt1687 Words   |  7 Pagesblack (after the land). The Greeks called the country Aigyptos, from the name Ha-ka-ptah, the main temple of the Egyptian capital at Memphis. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many modern beliefs and ideals, as well as much of manÕs knowledge, had their origin in Egypt. The ancient Egyptians developed the worldÕs first national government. Their religion was one of the first to emphasize a life after death. They produced an expressive art and literature. The Egyptians introduced stone architecture and made

Alden’s expenditure free essay sample

Describe the weaknesses that exist in Alden’s expenditure cycle. There are three performances that take place in the expenditure cycle: ordering items, receiving the items and paying for those items. The weakness that the Alden’s have is that they do not have an inventory control method, which means they just estimate what they need at the end of the month and purchase items. Another weakness is that they do not keep record of the inventory that is brought in and the inventory that leaves the storage.Having any clerk perform the physical count is also a weakness because there are too many different people in charge which could mean different data is being entered and there is no set date of when the inventory is counted, the beginning or at the end of the month. Also, the supervisor reused a scheduled reorder to order his inventory which could be harmful because maybe one month they were not as busy and another month so they could be short on supply. We will write a custom essay sample on Alden’s expenditure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When receiving the inventory, the accounts payable clerk is not giving the bill to account for the inventory in the file.Instead the storeroom clerks should receive it and file it away in the storeroom where no one else has access to it. Suggest control procedures to overcome the weaknesses noted in part a. Instead of guessing how much inventory is needed, the supervisor needs to identify what, when and how much to purchase through a process.

The Thirteenth Tale Book Club Discussion Questions

'The Thirteenth Tale' Book Club Discussion Questions The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield is a rich story about secrets, ghosts, winter, books and family. These book club discussion questions on The Thirteenth Tale will help you explore Setterfields masterfully created story. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield. Finish the book before reading on. Books play an important role in The Thirteenth Tale. Discuss Margaret and Miss Winters relationships to books and stories. Could you relate to them? What is your relationship to books? Do you agree with Miss Winter that stories can reveal truth better than simply stating it?The two houses in The Thirteenth TaleAngelfield and Miss Winters estateare prominent in the story. How do the houses reflect the characters who live in them? What do you think they represent?Why do you think Margaret obeyed Miss Winters summons?Miss Winter asks Margaret if she would like to hear a ghost story. Who are the ghosts in the story? In what ways are different characters haunted (Margaret, Miss Winter, Aurelius)?Why do you think Margarets sisters death affected her so profoundly? Why do you think she was able to move beyond it at the end of the novel?After Mrs. Dunne and John Digence die, Miss Winter says the girl in the mist emerges. Did you believe that Adeline had matured? If not, did you suspect the t rue identity of the character? When did you first suspect Miss Winters true identity? Were you surprised? Looking back, what clues did she give you?Do you think Adeline or Emmeline was saved from the fire?What is the significance of Jane Eyre to the story?Do you think it is harder to keep a secret or confess the complete truth?Were you satisfied with the way the story ended for various charactersAurelius, Hester, Margaret?Rate The Thirteenth Tale on a scale of 1 to 5.

Muhamad Ali essays

Muhamad Ali essays Boxing is often referred to as the "Manly Art of Self Defense." It is a respectable sport that is rough. Boxing takes place in a sixteen to twenty four foot square area that is known as a boxing ring. To be a great Boxer a person would consist of fast, having great strength, stamina and haveing a mind that is in full control. One boxer that I know of that has all of the traits I just listed is Muhammad Ali. Ali was raised in a small home in Louisville, Kentucky. Ali began taking boxing lessons when he was twelve years old.He spent his teen years at the gym, molding both his body and mind into true campion.As a high school student, he won the national Golden Gloves middleweight championship in 1959 and 1960 and the AAU national light heavyweight title in 1960, then went on to a gold medal in the Olympic light heavyweight division. He had his first professional fight on October 29, 1960. Ali was a underdog when he met Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship on February 25, 1964.. But he won the fight when Liston failed to come out for the 8th round. This win made Muhammad Ali the heavy weight champion of the world. Shortly after becoming champion, Ali announced that he had become a Black Muslim and changed his name to Muhammad Ali. He defended the title eight times in the next twenty months. In the meantime, he had refused to join into the Army. As a result, his license was revoked by the New York State Boxing Commission, his title was stripped, and he was sentenced to five years in prison for draft evasion. I believe this was a big mistake. Muhammad Ali was not scared to join the army but it was against his beliefs. His refusal to be join into the military, created the largest controversy of his life. The U. S. Supreme Court overturned his conviction on June 29, 1971. Ali won the North American Boxing Federation's championship by knocking out Jimmy Ellis in the 12th round less than a month later. Bu ...

How to Write a Research Paper on Stem Cell

How to Write a Research Paper on Stem Cell Research Paper on Stem Cell How to start a research paper on stem cell: Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a stem cell research paper thesis Example of an introduction How to write body paragraphs: Tips on body writing Example of the 1st body paragraph Example of the 2nd body paragraph Example of the 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on stem cell: Tips on how to start To start a research paper on stem cells, students have to know the basics about them first and narrow down the general topic from there. Conduct initial research and determine what stem cells are, their different kinds, and their existing as well as future uses. Furthermore, as writers go along the step of collecting data, they have to choose a sub-topic that is most interesting for them. They should consider the kind of paper though. For instance, if writing an argumentative paper, the author can choose a specific stance such as being supportive of stem cell use and subsequently provide evidence to sustain this viewpoint. Moreover, writers can explore as many topics and perspectives as possible in order to present compelling arguments which also respond to the strongest counter-positions. On the contrary, if the aim is to write an informative paper, then the tone of writing will be objective or unbiased. After selecting a specific topic, write an outline from the main ideas derived from the research. Example of an outline Here is an example of an outline on stem cells. I.Introduction A.What Are Stem Cells and Why Are They Important to Study? B.Thesis II.What Are the Different Kinds of Stem Cells? A.Embryonic Stem Cells B.Adult Stem cells C.Perinatal Stem Cells III.Why Is There a Debate on Using Stem Cells? IV.What Are the Uses of Stem Cells and How Can Obstacles to Their Use Be Removed? V.Conclusion Example of a stem cell research paper thesis A thesis includes the main points of the paper. A good thesis is based on thoughtful research and not a simple rewriting of facts. The primary characteristics of a thesis for an argumentative paper are that it must be contestable, specific, focused, and based on evidence. Below is a sample of a thesis on stem cells: â€Å"Stem cells should be used for research because they can reveal the origins of diseases and present effective therapies, especially for those without the cure, while also allowing the testing of these treatments without use for animal or human subjects.† Example of an introduction A good introduction should properly state the topic for the readers and hook them from the very start to encourage reading. Many essays start with a general statement for their introductory paragraph followed by supporting sentences. The last sentence is usually the thesis. Here is a sample introduction: Stem cells have gained significant scientific and public interest as they have the magnificent potential of developing into diverse kinds of cells. When a stem cell divides, in essence, multiplies, each unit has the potential of becoming a replica or another kind with a specialized role, such as brain cell or a red blood cell. Stem cells are important as they produce the entire body of a living thing, while adult stem cells assist in replacing those that are lost due to wear and tear, injuries, or diseases. Stem cells should be used for research because they can reveal the origins of diseases and present effective therapies, especially for those without cure, while also allowing the testing of these treatments without use for animal or human subjects. How to write body paragraphs: Tips on body writing A good research paper is composed of well-thought and connected body paragraphs. Each paragraph should be a group of interrelated sentences about a specific idea that ties back to the thesis. The basic components of body paragraphs are a clear topic sentence followed by supporting evidence or details, unity and cohesion, and a concluding sentence that unites the evidence and brings the paper to the next point. Every paragraph must be fully developed with the right number and kind of details or evidence, such as personal examples, quotes from credible sources, and statistics. When writing points that use research, in-text citation is essential to avoid plagiarism. In addition, all paragraphs must have transitions within the sentence and from one body paragraph to the next. Example of the 1st body paragraph The first body paragraph should coincide with what is written in the outline. Below is an example of the initial body paragraph: Stem cells have different kinds. Embryonic stem cells are derived from three- to five-day-old embryos. Also called a blastocyst, this kind has 150 cells. They are likewise pluripotent as they can divide and generate more stem cells or turn into any cell type. Being versatile, embryonic stem cells can regenerate or fix diseased organs and tissues. Adult stem cells are located in many adult tissues, like the bone marrow or fat. Dissimilar to embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells cannot produce different kinds of cells. Perinatal stem cells are found in the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood and can also change into specialized cells. Example of the 2nd body paragraph The second body paragraph deals with the controversy of stem cells. Here is a sample: Several critics are against the use of embryonic stem cells per se. Since these stem cells are collected from early-stage embryos, there are questions about this procedures morality. Harvesting embryonic stem cells can result in the promotion of abortion as well as the objectification or embryos. In other words, some people fear that embryos will now be made not for the purpose of reproduction but to sell and use for research. Thus, the sanctity of the human body may be sacrificed in pursuit of stem cell therapies. Example of the 3rd body paragraph The third body paragraph tackles with the uses of stem cells and the resolutions to controversies. Here is a sample: Human stem cells can be used for research and find treatment to incurable diseases and remove the need for animal or human experimentation; however, it should be conducted with a moral framework to avoid abuse. Embryonic stem cell research can provide critical information about human development including the formation of diseases. Understanding illnesses at the cellular level, in turn, can produce new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, stem cells can be used to test new therapies and eliminate animal and human experimentation subjects. Likewise, stem cell research must proceed with an ethical framework to prevent and stop abuses. Related agencies can provide a code of ethics for all scientists to abide. How to finish a research paper: Tips on conclusion writing To write a great concluding paragraph, follow these tips. First, summarize all the main arguments. Second, avoid introducing new topics. Third, you can ask provocative questions. Fourth, evoke strong images that can affect the feelings of readers and possibly motivate changes. Fifth, end with a call to action or suggest outcomes and consequences. Example of a conclusion Here is a sample conclusion: Stem cell research has great potential in understanding illnesses and treating incurable diseases apart from ending human and animal experimentation. Nevertheless, it can be abused and turned into a commercial enterprise without regard for human life. As a result, the paper recommends the creation of an ethical framework that will guide stem cell scientists and hold them responsible for the consequences of their actions. While stem cell studies may have some drawbacks, their benefits are far too important to be stunted; thus, the public should support them and ensure that they continue with a strong moral compass for proper guidance. Tips on research paper revision Revision is vital to a well-written paper because writing is a discovery process that does not always yield the perfect first draft. Revising your research work enables you to attain the following advantages. First, you can take a step back from your paper and recognize if everything in it has meaning. Second, you are checking if you said what you truly wanted to express. Third, you evaluate if the writing is clear enough for readers to understand the content. Fourth, if you are writing argumentatively, you can improve the power of your premises. Revising intends to create the best paper after several changes by making it more coherent and persuasive. Here are the tips to consider for each part of your paper while doing your revisions. For the introduction, determine if it puts your argument within the context of an ongoing conversation on stem cell research. Next, check if this section includes a definition of key terms, draws readers in, and provides a compelling thesis. The next advice is on revising the thesis. Evaluate if the thesis says what you want to say and offers a statement that is worthy of consideration. Furthermore, ensure that the every part of the paper delivers what the thesis promises. Afterwards, assess the structure of the paper. A good practice is making an outline of your written output and determining if it answers your objectives. Make sure that each point is well-developed and improve where necessary. Afterwards, determine the coherency of the paragraphs including transition sentences. Check if all the arguments are logical; any sentence that commits fallacies must be removed. Moreover, determine if the c onclusion is appropriate in summing up the main point and motivates readers to think about your arguments. Do the revision in steps and not in one blow. Rest your eyes for an hour or even days, depending on the time you have, in order to have fresh eyes that are ready to identify and correct mistakes. Read the paper loudly as well as this helps catch many mistakes you may miss when reading by the eye. Lastly, you can ask peers and instructors for feedback and consider all their suggestions during revision.

The impact of Compliance on an organisations existing information Research Paper

The impact of Compliance on an organisations existing information technology security - Research Paper Example Moving a bit more, a detailed discussion has been undertaken to throw light on how both employees and the organization fail to implement the compliance drive in the way it is planned. The shortcomings and the responses of the employees are supported by way of graphs. Lastly, the positive impacts of compliance and negatives of non-compliance to IT security has been presented with the help of survey results conducted on major international companies from all sectors. A briefing of a standard compliance program is also attached with the paper in order to let the readers know of what should actually be there to make compliance a competitive advantage for an organization. Organizations are feeling the heat of non-complaint behavior and process and technology issues leading to mammoth losses, both financial and organizational. Executing leadership in agreement with IT security policy and compliance is emerging as a challenge. Compliance in an organization runs through the policy planning component and automation centers (Elliot 2008). Security is an essential feature in most of the organizations today and compliance gives visibility to the processes and controls within an organization. Keeping the importance of Information Security and its relevance in today’s market place and market space, the present paper aims to explore â€Å"The Impact of Compliance on an organization’s existing Information Security policy.† 1. How compliance as an essential component of information security policy originated? What best practices are being followed and an overview of the major acts that are in place to adhere to the compliance rules. The research paper has tremendous scope of revealing the loopholes that exist in organizations and what remedial measures could be taken to put back things into original and desired manner. Though standard framework can be followed by

Sponsrship letter Juj Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sponsrship letter Juj - Essay Example My musical ambience stems from my family background. My grandfather was a great violinist and as a child, I would sit at his feet and listen to him play the violin. A gulf of joy would maroon me when I heard an instrument and as a result, I learnt to play basic notes of some musical instruments. My grandfather took that opportunity to teach me the rudiments of music at a very age. His influence further cultivated my interest in music. I spend most of my free time at the Arts Equipment department sometimes alone, trying to relive those nostalgic moments with my grandfather. Walnut Hill has offered me the best resources to nurture my talent. It has state of the art equipment and the instructors have been patient and helpful. The professors have shown me that music is a passion and a way of life and so, I do not plan on quitting music after graduation. I will continue studying music until I reach point where there is nothing more to learn. One of the things that I will miss is the friendship and bonding that I and my peers share. We have really grown fond of each other. I and other classmates have formed a musical band that plays at functions in and outside the campus. These performances enable us to perfect our craft while at the same time; the exposure widens our horizons and the prospects of success. Coming to Walnut Hill was the best thing that ever happened to me. My act of appreciation towards your generosity is manifested through the good grades I am attaining and my ability to compose good music that we often perform at gigs and are really applauded by our audience. Your financial assistance made my dream come true. This world is made better by philanthropic people like you. So, once again I would like to show my deep appreciation by saying thank you. People like you are hard to come by. I had so much fun at Walnut Hill and I am saddened to know that I will be leaving soon. I

Operational Management at Mcdonald Essay Example for Free

Operational Management at Mcdonald Essay One aspect of facilities layout for McDonalds is that when customers come into the building, they line up in one of several lines and wait to be served. In contrast, customers at Wendys are asked to stand in one line that snakes around the front of the counter and to wait for a server to become available. a) What is the rationale for each approach? b) Which approach do you favour from (1) a customers perspective and (2) managements perspective? Explain. A Rationale for McDonald approach McDonalds success had been built on four pillars: limited menu, fresh food, fast service and affordable price. Intense competition and demands for a wider menu drive-through and sit-down meals encouraged the fast food giant to customize product variety without hampering the efficacy of its supply chain. McDonalds use assembly line procedures in their kitchen for mass production so as to keep prices low. Speed, service and cleanliness is one of the critical success factors of the business. Lining up in one of the several lines tied into McDonald’s capability statement on speedy service, efficiency and good customer service. Each staff at McDonald is trained to change roles within shifts and this makes resource management during peak and off peak hours manageable. At all times there is enough staff on hand to take care of business and overall effectiveness is improved Drawback to this approach includes huge rental space to accommodate large operational facility. It could also become very costly on staff training. Workforce productivity are not usually related to the number of staff working on a task, and productivity variance may tilt negatively for McDonalds on this. Operating cost are very high and unless this is well managed, it may not necessarily be profitable. Rational for Wendy’s approach The rationale for Wendys old fashioned hamburgers could be traced to the history of unsuccessful attempts to outperform the competition which created the low profile structure. Wendy’s headquarters shifted to Dublin after a merger with Triac, Arby’s parent company and the very conservative style of  European business. Structure of business is very simple and easier to manage; it does not envisage much growth and cater mainly for the bottom line. It will require less space and resources to manage. Also less inventory and therefore less operating cost, however this will also impact on profitability. Drawback to this approach includes disorganized premises during peak hours, unsatisfied customers due to longer wait times for service. Wendy at some point was also suspect for cleanliness and this approach would add more to the problem. Managers Perspective The two approaches shows different business and strategic objectives. McDonald approach depicts a growth oriented organisation that wants to create market dominance in the sector. Wendy concentrates on its core traditional product, so that those who appreciate the product will be kept in the customer chain. The McDonalds style will require acquisition of new business skills and technology while Wendy traditional styles will require less technology. Looking at the management styles, McDonalds is poised to remain the leader in the food chain industry with concentration on their supply chain system and product differentiation methods. McDonalds work with farmers to ensure that produce are sized right and grow to specification, while Wendy concentrates mostly on the beef. With these different styles, McDonalds will be my preference for growth and bottom line. Wendy cannot compare to Mac in the business because more and more happy customers are trooping to Mac for what they see as 21 cent ury improvements.

Views of Heaven in From the Fifteenth District :: Fifteenth District

Views of Heaven in From the Fifteenth District Mavis Gallant presents us with a disconcerting view of death in the short story "From the Fifteenth District," where dying is not a salvation from the pains of life but where the dead are forced to suffer eternally. In this story, the author sets out three distinct cases of 'haunting,' except that these hauntings are reported by the dead about the living. Major E. Travella, killed during World War I, is angry that he is being exploited by the church and the public. Mrs. Ibrahim is upset that her doctor and social worker are fighting over her death. Finally, Ms. Essling is frustrated that she is unable to get on with her 'life' after death because of her husband. All three of these individuals are harboring anger and hostility after death and are unable to move on and rest in peace. Major Emery Travella feels as if the church is trying to capitalize on his death. When the Major visits the church for Communion he realizes that the congregation is not there to pay tribute to God but instead, "the congregation sits, hushed and expectant straining to hear [his] footsteps" (282) which signal his haunting of the church. The Major is upset that the church is allowing the congregation to make a mockery of the church by devoting their time to him instead of the Communion which should be the reason they are there. The church is also trying to profit by the Major's haunting by allowing cameras and tape recorders into their place of prayer. Travella feels that the church is sacred and is supposed to be seen as a place of worship, not a place to record abnormal phenomena. Major E. Travella feels that he is not being respected by the congregation, instead, he is being insulted by people only caring about him because he is a ghost, not because of who he was as a living per son. Mrs. Ibrahim is bothered that her doctor and social worker cannot settle their differences in opinion in their accounts of her death. She does not see the point of fighting over her because she is no longer living and has died of natural causes. They are both lying to save themselves from punishment, and even though no one was at fault, they were both trying to place the blame on the other.

Of Mice and Men – the American Dream

According to Dictionary. com, the American Dream is defined as â€Å"The ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity traditionally held to be available to every American; a life of personal happiness and material comfort as traditionally sought by individuals in the U. S (American Dream). † But everyone’s idea of the American dream is an altered version of this idea whether it meant being independent or becoming richer. In the book Of Mice and Men, many characters try and pursue the life consisting of the American dream, and in the end, all of their work was in vain.At one of the ranches that George and Lennie go to, they meet a man named Candy, who is an old ranch handyman, who is starting to think that the boss will soon fire him because of his old age and disabilities. One day, he over hears George and Lennie talking about their ‘American Dream. ’ â€Å"S’pose I went in with you guys†¦ I ain’t much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some† (Steinbeck, pg 59). Although he knows that he isn’t that useful, he hopes that George and Lennie will accept his offering and let him have a piece of their dream.After Candy finds out about Lennie killing Curley’s wife, he knows that his dream had just become more impossible. Crooks, the black stableman, is another character that has a dream. â€Å"I remember when I was a little kid on my old man’s chicken ranch. Had two brothers. They was always near me, always there. Used to sleep right in the same room, right in the same bed- all three. Had a strawberry patch. Had an alfalfa patch† (Steinbeck, pg 73). He wanted what his old man had: a ranch, family, and independency.He also asked George if he could be apart of their ranch†¦ which later we find out that he later told George to forget about it because he knew that in the end, it wouldn’t have worked out. Curley’s Wife is another individual who o nce had a dream. One day she was talking with Lennie and how she almost fulfilled that dream. â€Å"Well, a show come through, an’ I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show†¦ ‘Nother time I met a guy, an’ he was in pitchers. Went out to the Riverside Dance Palace with him. He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural.Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it†¦ I never got that letter†¦ I always thought my ol’ lady stole it†¦ so I married Curley. Met him out to the Riverside Dance Palace the same night† (Steinbeck, pg 88). She clearly had a dream consisting of fame and fortune. After that dream was crushed by her mother, she followed up with her back up plan to get hitched. It didn’t work out so great, if you ask me. According to Steinbeck, it was nearly impossible, if not, impossible, to achieve the American dream. Anyone who tried to do so was doing it in vain.After we see each character describe his/her dream, we see someone/something that gets in the way and prevents that certain dream from turning into a reality. So, according to Steinbeck, pursuing the American Dream is to vain as an infant is to hard labor, each being impossible. ————————————————- Work Cited â€Å"American Dream. † Dictionary. com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Mar. 2012. . Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. A Penguin Book Literature, Print.

Minorities at War Essay

Many people’s lives changed in various ways during and after the World War II. The lives of women and minorities such as African Americans and Native Americans, changed drastically mostly in a positive way. Just like during most wars, women found jobs and opportunities. This was mainly because men and husbands went to work in industries and factories in different parts of the country while others went to war as soldiers. With reduction in the male taskforce, young girls and married women had to take up responsibilities and jobs that were traditionally considered to be for men (Mays 17). Unlike the First World War, where women served as secretaries and nurses, in the Second World War they were placed in more skilled jobs such as: research, electronics, engineering and mechanics (Mays 17). The Women’s Army Corps was created in 1942, which enabled women to participate in combat fields as pilots and other support personnel but not in direct combat. The war served as a major platform for women in society, women started being viewed as useful in various fields and not just as caregivers. The opportunity to take part in jobs that were traditionally considered for men also empowered women psychologically (Mays 17). The fight for equality for all citizens began after the civil war where President Lincoln freed the slaves. The Select Service Act was passed in 1940, allowing Hispanics, Native-Americans and African-Americans to enroll to all the branches of the army. The war offered opportunities for many African Americans to escape poverty in their rural homes (Reinhardt and Ganzel). Many blacks enlisted in the army trying to escape a long period of tenant farming and Depression in the Midwest and South. The army recruited Negroes but still practiced segregation (Reinhardt and Ganzel). In the chaos of war, especially after Pearl Harbor, the army had to work together and segregation was broken. After the war, many blacks opted to remain in towns and do work related to what they did in the army instead of going back to their rural homes (Reinhardt and Ganzel). Movements for fighting for civil rights had been created. The post-war era, was a period of exceptional struggle by the African Americans against the second class citizenship that had been accorded to them. They resisted racial discrimination and segregation through nationwide protests, boycotts, rallies and civil disobedience (Reinhardt and Ganzel). Many blacks joined civil rights movements and legal efforts were made to challenge segregation and inequality through courts. These efforts were rewarded with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 which outlawed racism and segregation. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was also passed allowing all races to vote. The passing of these acts was a great step in the demise of second class citizenship (Reinhardt and Ganzel). The struggle by the blacks to achieve equality inspired and influenced other civil rights groups as well such as Native–Americans and Hispanics. The war as witnessed was a great turning point for both women and minorities in America. They were all empowered by the situations created by the war to improve their status in society and fight for their rights. Work Cited: Mays, Dorothy A. Women in early America: struggle, survival, and freedom in a new world. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc. Publishers, 2004. Reinhardt, Claudia and Ganzel, Bill. â€Å"Civil Rights for Minorities†. Wesley Living History Farm. 26 August 2010 from: http://www. livinghistoryfarm. org/farminginthe40s/life_18. html

A Modo De Introducción †A Brave New World

A Modo De Introduccià ³n – A Brave New World Free Online Research Papers A Modo De Introduccià ³n A Brave New World Nos refugiamos en los sistemas,en las iglesias, en los partidos, en las ortodoxias, como chicos en las faldas de la madre. Los sistemas son en suma, manifestaciones de cobardà ­a. El hombre libre, el herà ©tico el solitario, tiene que estar poseà ­do de un valor casi demencial E. Sabato, Heterodoxia (1953) Los acontecimientos histà ³ricos se repiten en forma similar entre los diferentes paà ­ses en el momento de su formacià ³n, independientemente de su distancia, cultura, raza o credo. Generalmente, observamos una sucesià ³n comà ºn de hechos que permite, en el anlisis de la historia, obtener alguna certeza en los resultados. Hay patrones repetidos una y otra vez en la formacià ³n de civilizaciones, fenà ³menos que confirman la tendencia pronosticada. Sin embargo, no se puede determinar si lo que produce esta conducta sistemtica es el hecho de tomar en cuenta modelos comunes o una evolucià ³n casi idà ©ntica del nacimiento de la nueva civilizacià ³n por razones naturales del hombre. De cualquier manera, al formarse un nuevo paà ­s, uno tiene elementos para definir el futuro inmediato observando los ejemplos que nos brindan los dems paà ­ses, lo que alivia la incertidumbre. Pero si un paà ­s, a partir de su formacià ³n, se diferencia del resto, es difà ­cil predecir su destino. Este es el caso de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica. El motivo de su historia particular lo encontramos en sus orà ­genes. El hecho de ser el primer paà ­s demà ³crata desde su independencia nos da la pauta de donde empezar nuestro anlisis. Es la democracia la caracterà ­stica esencial de este paà ­s . Es por eso que resultarà ­a adecuado analizar el surgimiento y la evolucià ³n de esta democracia, ya que es a partir de ella que el paà ­s adquiere identidad. La evolucià ³n de la democracia en Amà ©rica nos va mostrando claramente distintos aspectos de la cultura Norteamericana de hoy en dà ­a, lo que hace por dems interesante la historia de dicho paà ­s. Asà ­, en los ciudadanos de Norteamà ©rica, podemos llegar a encontrar el fanatismo de los padres peregrinos del Mayflower, la ilusià ³n de progreso econà ³mico de los indentured servants, el populismo de Jackson o el patriotismo de Lincoln. La intencià ³n de este trabajo es explicar, mediante datos histà ³ricos, fenà ³menos sociolà ³gicos y opiniones, las distintas etapas por las que atravesà ³ la democracia americana desde su independencia en 1776 hasta el inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Veremos como, desde un primer momento, se forman dos grupos casi opuestos, cuyas alianzas varà ­an segà ºn la polà ­tica a implementar, y, aun asà ­, el paà ­s se mantiene unido y en democracia durante todo el periodo analizado. Observaremos como hay varios conflictos de intereses cruzados, como se resuelven y sus consecuencias. Tambià ©n tendremos la posibilidad de conocer a los protagonistas de la historia americana, su forma de pensar y su incidencia en la construccià ³n de una nueva nacià ³n. De esa forma, estar a nuestro alcance, si el objetivo del trabajo es logrado, comprender a la sociedad americana y contemplar tanto los logros como los puntos oscuros de la democracia en Amà ©rica. La Democracia ms exclusiva La independencia: Just do it Durante 200 aà ±os, entre los siglos XVI y XVII, Europa se vio sacudida por una carrera casi obsesiva por lograr conquistar nuevos territorios y establecer colonias en cualquier lugar del mundo. Los espaà ±oles lograron un fuerte expansionismo colonial en Amà ©rica Central y del Sur, donde incalculables riquezas tentaron a los dems paà ­ses a aventurarse hacia mares desconocidos y territorios inexplorados para establecer supremacà ­a sobre el resto de Europa. Esta tendencia encuentra su motivo en el mercantilismo. El mercantilismo era la idea de que el poder era consecuencia del bienestar de un paà ­s. Aquel que alcanzara el mayor tesoro era el ms poderoso. Mientras Espaà ±a gozaba de los beneficios que le habà ­a otorgado el robo de oro y plata a las civilizaciones indà ­genas de Mà ©xico y Perà º, Francia e Inglaterra expandà ­an sus fronteras hacia Africa y hacia Amà ©rica del Norte. Fue de esta manera que se asentaron las bases de lo que luego serian los Estados Unidos. Inglaterra formà ³ su colonia en Amà ©rica no solo como una fuente de materias primas, sino como un mercado para sus productos manufacturados. En principio, las colonias no tuvieron à ©xito, pero en 1607, una colonia establecida en Virginia logro sobrevivir mediante el cultivo de tabaco. Por su parte, en el Norte, en 1620 se forma una colonia de disidentes que niegan al rey como una autoridad religiosa, impuesto por el anglicanismo, y deciden poner distancia a la polà ­tica inglesa. Estos colonos son el ala ms radical del protestantismo, los puritanos, cuya visià ³n â€Å"diabà ³lica† del consumo los lleva a invertir capital y establecer un pequeà ±o autoabastecimiento, mediante farmers y artesanos, que los lleva, para perjuicio de Inglaterra, a dominar el mercado interno. Sin embargo, no resultaba fcil la vida en estas tierras del Norte. El clima no era adecuado para las plantaciones, por lo tanto, buscaron otras actividades laborales. La que ms se desarrollo en esta à ©poca fue la construccià ³n de barcos. Esto se ve constatado por Jeremy Atack y Peter Passell en su anlisis econà ³mico de las colonias: During the colonial period, ocean shipping employed perhaps 5 to 10 percent of the labour forceIn the decade before the Revolution, exports and related services accounted for about one-sixth of colonial income. The performance of the shipping industry was very important to the overall economy La abundante cantidad de madera desligaba a esta industria de toda dependencia con Inglaterra. En el Sur, las cosas eran distintas. Aunque la poblacià ³n en Amà ©rica crecà ­a a pasos agigantados, la mano de obra era escasa. A diferencia de las colonias espaà ±olas, las tierras debà ­an ser trabajadas. Es asà ­ como surgen dos nuevas formas de trabajo: los indentured servants y los esclavos. Los indentured servants eran gente de Inglaterra que querà ­a emigrar a Amà ©rica a cualquier precio. Firmaban un contrato con la persona que los transportarà ­a hasta Amà ©rica por medio del cual se comprometà ­an a trabajar una vez llegados hasta cubrir los costos del viaje. Por su parte, el transportista negociaba en el puerto americano con los terratenientes, vendiendo asà ­ a los indentured servants. Estos deberà ­an servir por cierta cantidad de aà ±os y luego quedaban libres. La cantidad de aà ±os que debà ­an servir al terrateniente era variable segà ºn la edad, el sexo y la salud del indentured. Atack y Passell lo describen: An analysis of the characteristics of indentured servants reveals that the vast majority were males in their late teens and early twenties. They were at the peak of their productive ability, representing a significant capital export from the mother country, which had met their rearing costs from infancy to productive adult and borne the costs of early mortality of non survivors. La esclavitud resulta uno de los puntos ms oscuros de la democracia americana, no solo antes de la independencia, sino mucho ms despuà ©s de ella. A pesar de que en Inglaterra no existà ­a este tipo de trabajo forzado, serà ­a ingenuo afirmar que fue la falta de mano de obra en Amà ©rica la que llevo a recurrir al esclavismo e ignorar el racismo como origen. Los esclavos, en principio son prisioneros tomados entre tribus africanas que eran trocados por armas y ron. Para comprender un poco mejor este tipo de trabajo, Peter Kolchin explica: it soon became clear to settlers that survival depended on working the landCultivating these crops, however, required labor; in an enviroment where land was plentiful and people few, the amount of tobacco or rice one could grow depended on the number of laborers one could command. The desire to develop commercial agriculture under conditions of population scarcity gave rise in North Amà ©rica to forced laborIn short, it was a world with few ide ological constraints against the use of forced labour. Los esclavos iban en su mayorà ­a para el Sur, donde la mano de obra era ms pesada. La llegada de esclavos se hacà ­a cada vez ms sistemtica. Ya habà ­a mercados en frica, e incluso se consideraba un derecho para sustituir las colonias espaà ±olas. Ante este panorama, la evolucià ³n econà ³mica era muy importante. A pesar de ello, Inglaterra no tomaba muy en cuenta sus colonias en Amà ©rica, pues las consideraba inferiores a la dems. Ya se habà ­an formado varias colonias con una produccià ³n considerable (Boston, Massachussets, Maryland, Salem, Virginia, etc.) La poca importancia que le da Inglaterra a sus colonias les da independencia suficiente como para autogobernarse. Se produce, a la vez, una vertiginosa expansià ³n hacia el oeste. Los gobernantes que eran enviados a las colonias poco hacà ­an por cumplir su funcià ³n y ms que nada, se dedicaban a negociar con los locales. Al tà ©rmino de la Guerra De Los 7 Aà ±os, guerra que se lleva a cabo entre Inglaterra y Francia entre 1756 y 1763, disputndose en à ©sta los territorios del Mississipi, Inglaterra toma conciencia del poco poder que ejercà ­a sobre las colonias. En un intento por reestablecer un control nunca poseà ­do sobre las colonias, Inglaterra tiene intenciones de cobrar impuestos. A partir de este primer chispazo, surgen ideas independentistas, especialmente en el Norte, donde el à ­ndice de alfabetizacià ³n era mucho ms elevado. Los ingleses pierden toda autoridad y son, incluso, ridiculizados cuando los colonos organizan el llamado Tea Party en Boston y arrojan el cargamento de tà © importado al mar, en protesta por el establecimiento de una ley de monopolio del tà © por parte de los ingleses en las indias orientales. Sin embargo, este hecho es reprimido fuertemente y Boston es tomado militarmente. Como consecuencia, los colonos se reà ºnen en dos congresos, que dan por resultado la decisià ³n de independizarse. Con 800 dà ³lares de PBI dividido en 3500000 habitantes, las colonias firman la Declaracià ³n de Independencia y, consecuentemente, con el apoyo de Francia, eterno rival de Inglaterra, la guerra. El debate: We try harder Once aà ±os mas tarde, esas repà ºblicas, que mantenà ­an una precaria unidad mediante el và ­nculo confederativo, constituyeron un gobierno nacional. En los là ­mites de la civilizacià ³n, el nuevo mundo que lindaba con la naturaleza salvaje presenciaba un hecho inà ©dito. La teorà ­a y la experiencia antiguas habà ­an instalado a la republica en el marco estrecho de la ciudad En Amà ©rica del Norte el cuadro era radicalmente distinto: la extensià ³n, casi infinita; la poblacià ³n, numerosa y en aumento. Natalio Botana nos da a entender asà ­ la situacià ³n de Amà ©rica del Norte despuà ©s de su independencia. Algo totalmente nuevo se presentaba y habà ­a que organizarlo. El punto de partida era la virtud, pero las corrientes eran diversas cuando se planteaba el origen de la virtud. Willi Adams explica: Ni la Declaracià ³n de Independencia ni el Tratado de Paz daban respuesta a la cuestià ³n de cà ³mo habrà ­a que estar organizado polà ­ticamente el Nuevo Estado. El nuevo orden polà ­tico se expresaba sobre todo en las nuevas constituciones de los diversos estados y en los artà ­culos de la confederacià ³n. Estas estipulaciones se basaban en la democracia representativa (asà ­, Alexander Hamilton, en 1777, sobre la constitucià ³n de Nueva York) y sobre la repà ºblica comercial federativa. El debate encontraba su origen en la teorà ­a clsica. Por un lado, Jefferson, un plantador de Virginia, tenà ­a una idea de democracia agraria que coincidà ­a con Rousseau. Segà ºn Jefferson, la virtud se halla en el campo, mientras que las ciudades son cuna de ambicià ³n, pues la ciudad crea dependencia, por lo tanto tampoco hay problemas con las repà ºblicas de grandes extensiones, pues el hombre se aproxima a su naturaleza. Para los jeffersonianos la igualdad era lo ms importante para poder conservar la repà ºblica y no alejarse de la virtud. Por el otro lado, Hamilton encontraba que cada individuo buscarà ­a su propio interà ©s. Las utopà ­as de la virtud y del orden esclavista no tienen lugar para Hamilton Impera en cambio el valor supremo y la libertad, que es patrimonio de todos, habitantes y ciudadanos. La legislacià ³n es la que debe orientar al hombre hacia el bien pà ºblico, porque el hombre se dejar llevar por sus pasiones. Hamilton, al igual que Montesquieu, descreà ­a en la repà ºblica de grandes territorios y consideraba como bien supremo la libertad. Entre estos dos polos se va a debatir la sociedad americana durante todo el perà ­odo que analizamos: Igualdad y Libertad. El ideal de una sociedad igualitaria de Jefferson y el conformismo de tan solo dominar pasiones de Hamilton alternarn en el gobierno de esta nueva repà ºblica. Los partidarios de Jefferson forman un partido, llamado Partido Republicano, mientras que los partidarios de Hamilton forman el Partido Federalista. Botana resume: La republica igualitaria se extendà ­a hacia el Norte, la repà ºblica esclavista se prolongaba hacia el Sur y entre ambas se abrà ­a una frontera que miraba hacia el oeste, cuyo destino, todavà ­a incierto, podà ­a reproducir, a modo de colonia antigua, como querà ­a Jefferson, una reserva imperecedera para difundir la igualdad. Comienza la democracia A pesar de no tener aà ºn una Constitucià ³n, el voto blanco universal se dio desde las primeras elecciones. El debate entre republicanos y federalistas demoraba el dictado de alguna legislacià ³n que organice la nueva repà ºblica. Se firman, en un Congreso de Filadelfia, los Artà ­culos de Confederacià ³n. En estos se pusieron de manifiesto los intereses de los estados. Los estados grandes querà ­an representacià ³n por nà ºmero de habitantes, mientras que los estados chicos pedà ­an igual representacià ³n para todos. En este momento, comienza un perà ­odo de ruralizacià ³n. Los estados campesinos emiten moneda para licuar las deudas que tenà ­an con los comerciantes del Norte. Asà ­ Surge la idea de una constitucià ³n. En 1789 George Washington se transforma en el primer presidente de los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica y se dicta la Constitucià ³n. Como puntos ms salientes de la Constitucià ³n, flexible y amplia, podemos mencionar la formacià ³n de dos cmaras para la legislacià ³n: diputados y senadores, la determinacià ³n de establecer un estado central que de lugar a los otros estados y la supremacà ­a de tres derechos fundamentales: derecho a la vida, a la libertad y a la felicidad. Despuà ©s de las elecciones, Hamilton, como secretario del tesoro, comienza a adquirir poder. Funda el Bank of U.S., gran enemigo de Jefferson, que habà ­a renunciado a su cargo de secretario de estado. La polà ­tica de Washington, bajo las ideas de Hamilton, se basa en generar confianza en el paà ­s para lograr prà ©stamos. Es esto lo que lleva a Washington a firmar un tratado por el que se le permità ­a la libre navegacià ³n por el Mississipi a Espaà ±a con la condicià ³n de que Louisiana no fuera atacado ni por Espaà ±a ni por Inglaterra. A causa de este tratado, Washington pierde popularidad y renuncia a su tercera candidatura. A Washington lo sucede Adams en 1796 con Jefferson como vicepresidente, aguardando su oportunidad que lleva en 1800. La campaà ±a electoral de 1800 se convirtià ³ en una irreconciliable confrontacià ³n ideolà ³gica entre federalistas y jeffersonianos. La acalorada propaganda de ambas partes llenà ³ perià ³dicos y folletos//los jeffersonian os agitaron los nimos de los descontentos y llamaron a que se pusiese fin al poder aristocrtico de los federalistas, y que los federalistas previnieron contra el ocaso de la libertad y el triunfo del ateà ­smo en la persona de Jefferson describe Adams en su texto. Con el triunfo de Jefferson en las elecciones se da comienzo al perà ­odo conocido como la democracia agraria El origen de la Democracia Agraria El gobierno de Jefferson se caracterizà ³ por la adquisicià ³n de nuevas tierras. Segà ºn Jefferson, la propiedad de tierras serà ­a lo que llevarà ­a a la igualdad. La compra de Lousiana a Napoleà ³n indigna a los federales, pues si seguà ­a extendià ©ndose el territorio, la repà ºblica se harà ­a ingobernable. En el Sur, habà ­a remates arreglados previamente, los ocupantes de las tierras amenazaban al martillero, que se veà ­a obligado a hacer su trabajo a punta de rifle. A pesar de este expansionismo territorial, se mantiene el gobierno central, pero el banco expira y circulan varios tipos de moneda. La polà ­tica inflacionaria beneficia tanto a los plantadores del Sur, pues sus principales ingresos venà ­an de las exportaciones, como a los farmers, pues sus deudas con el Norte se licuan. Esto genera una alianza entre el Sur y el oeste. Tras dos mandatos, Jefferson deja el gobierno en manos de Madison, un ex federalista que toma la doctrina jeffersoniana como ideologà ­a. Continà ºa la polà ­tica de expansià ³n, lo que genera una nueva guerra con Inglaterra, llamada 2da. Guerra de Independencia. Esta guerra perjudica profundamente a los comerciantes del Norte por dos motivos: sus exportaciones se veà ­an bloqueadas y la guerra les costarà ­a mucho dinero. Durante la guerra las importaciones deben ser sustituidas, por lo tanto, Surgen pequeà ±as fbricas textiles que reciben el apoyo de los republicanos. Los fabricantes no tardan en aliarse con los plantadores y los farmers, pues consideraban a los comerciantes y a los banqueros como parsitos, pues no producen. Estados Unidos entra en su primera revolucià ³n industrial. Al firmarse la paz con Inglaterra, en 1816, para proteger la nueva industria, el gobierno se ve en la necesidad de poner tarifas, lo que genera un conflicto de intereses entre farmers y fabricantes. Este enfrentamiento produce la ruptura del Partido Republicano. En ese momento, aparece la figura de Andrew Jackson, con el discurso de retornar a la polà ­tica agraria, eliminando los manufactureros. En las elecciones de 1817, James Monroe llega al poder. Bajo una profunda crisis econà ³mica causada por una fuga de capitales por sobreinversià ³n, Monroe se ve obligado a crear el segundo Bank of U.S.., cuya emisià ³n de moneda es restrictiva. La polà ­tica de Monroe se basa en el intervencionismo. Protege a Amà ©rica de Espaà ±a bajo el lema Amà ©rica For The Americans. El expansionismo sigue con la compra de Florida a Espaà ±a. Durante el gobierno de Monroe, Andrew Jackson forma el Partido Demà ³crata, en reemplazo del Partido Republicano, que ataca al establishment y al banco, con el incondicional apoyo del Sur. En las elecciones de 1824, gana John Quincy Adams, quien, sin adquirir mucha importancia, genera el camino para la llegada de Jackson a la presidencia. El auge de la Democracia Agraria No creo que haya paà ­s en el mundo que, proporcionalmente con su poblacià ³n, ofrezca menor nà ºmero de ignorantes ni menos sabios, que Amà ©rica//En Amà ©rica hay pocos ricos, y casi todos los americanos tienen la necesidad de ejercer alguna profesià ³n, y estos exigen un aprendizaje, por lo cual aquellos que no tienen ms tiempo para la cultura general de la inteligencia que el de los primeros aà ±os de su vida Toqueville sigue diciendo: En Amà ©rica, es el pueblo quien nombra a los que hacen las leyes y a los que las ejecutan//Las instituciones no son allà ­ democrticas solo en principios; sino que lo son en todos sus desenvolvimientos//Es, pues, en realidad, el pueblo quien allà ­ dirige; y aunque la forma de gobierno sea representativa, es evidente que las opiniones, los prejuicios, los intereses y las pasiones del pueblo, no hallan obstculos durables que les impidan influir constantemente en la direccià ³n de la sociedad La precisa impresià ³n que arroja Alexis de Toqueville que, en tiempos de Jackson, estuvo por Amà ©rica, parece cumplir con todos los ideales de igualdad de Jefferson. Y es quizs el gobierno de Jackson el que lleva a la prctica lo que Jefferson predicaba. Jackson llega al poder en 1828, con un desproporcionado poder en el Sur. Adems, habà ­a tambià ©n adquirido cierta popularidad en el Norte, pues captaba los votos de los inmigrantes, logrando su nacionalizacià ³n y dndoles trabajos pà ºblicos rpidamente. Hace del Partido Demà ³crata un umbrella party acaparando votos de muchos sectores populares. El principal debate del periodo se encontraba entre la igualdad de condiciones y la igualdad de oportunidades. El Partido Demà ³crata argumentaba que la igualdad de oportunidades pregonada por los federalistas no era suficientemente justa, tambià ©n hacia falta crear una igualdad de condiciones. Richard B. Latner explica: They (democrats) afirmed a commitment to relative equality of wealth as a necessary, instrumental condition for mantaining political liberty/for the key group of Democrats Surrounding Jackson who ran the party, equality of outcomes, as well as equality of rights and opportunity, was a necessary condition for sustaining republican liberty . Durante el gobierno de Jackson, Estados Unidos expandià ³ ms aà ºn sus fronteras. En una guerra con Mà ©xico, se produce la anexià ³n de Texas y se le compra el noroeste a Inglaterra. Jackson sufrà ­a una fuerte oposicià ³n por parte de los diputados del nordeste, pues la expansià ³n territorial iba en contra de la virtud y adems comienza a revelarse uno de los problemas ms graves que enfrento Estados Unidos: el esclavismo. La aparicià ³n de grupos antiesclavistas divide aun ms al Norte del Sur, ya que, en medio del auge del algodà ³n, la esclavitud habà ­a llegado a niveles muy altos en el Sur. Para solucionar provisoriamente este problema, se establece una là ­nea, llamada Mason-Dixon, que divide a los estados esclavistas de los no esclavistas, para obtener asà ­ igual representacià ³n en el Congreso Federal. El sistema de alianzas cambia, pues para los farmers del Oeste, los planters del Sur no eran un mercado, por lo tanto, se unen a los comerciantes del Norte que sà ƒ ­ consumà ­an su produccià ³n. La igualdad que se habà ­a logrado parecà ­a el paraà ­so demà ³crata, sin embargo, esta ilusià ³n no llegarà ­a muy lejos. Rumbo a la guerra civil La brecha entre el Sur y el Norte se abrà ­a cada vez ms con la radicalizacià ³n de sus ideas. Mientras que el auge del algodà ³n hacia de los esclavos un medio fundamental de vida en el Sur, en el Norte los grupos abolicionistas se multiplicaban. Pero no solo el esclavismo era tema de debate, sino tambià ©n las ideas de small government del Sur contra las del big government del Norte generaban discordia. Aunque todos estos motivos eran acarreados desde hacà ­a tiempo, no habà ­an aparecido lideres tan radicales que les dieran tanto à ©nfasis. Estos lideres Surgieron en la dà ©cada del 30 con Lincoln en el Norte y Calhoun en el Sur. Calhoun Surge como vicepresidente de Jackson. Aparentemente, sus semejanzas generarà ­an una fuerte unià ³n. Asà ­ lo menciona William W. Freehling: Calhoun and Jackson many similarities lent a hope. Both worked slave gangs on early cotton frontiers.//Both leaderswere of Scotch Irish descent.//Both Southeners came to dominance as wartime nationalists.//In the 1820s, with hard times afflicting planters in both Tennessee and South Carolina, they coalesced against Adams . Y sin embargo, el radicalismo de Calhoun marcarà ­a sus diferencias. For Jackson and Calhoun, the shared fact of slaveholding was not enough. Their conceptions of masters ´ right to rule and their method of ruling were as distant as South Carolina was from Tennessee. The conflict between their views centered on different reconciliations of slavery and republicanism. Jackson, race-obsessed authoritarian, believed upperclass control must end at the color line.//Calhoun, while no less a racist, still believed the be st men must govern all races Calhoun opinaba que si una ley federal perjudicaba a alguno de los estados, este estado podà ­a pedir la nulidad de dicha ley. Finalmente, a raà ­z de estas diferencias con Jackson, toma el poder del Partido Demà ³crata y radicaliza su rumbo, pues pide la separacià ³n. El Partido Demà ³crata deja de ser el umbrella party que representaba tanto a los farmers como a los planters. Adams dice: Los sudistas radicales, dirigidos por John C. Calhoun fueron aun ms lejos al afirmar que, dado que los esclavos eran simples objetos de propiedad, y que a los americanos no podà ­a despojrseles de su propiedad salvo por el procedimiento legalmente establecido, los sudistas eran libres de llevar los esclavos a cualquier territorio del paà ­s con independencia de las normas dictadas por el Congreso o por cualquier otro organismo . Por su parte, en el Norte, en 1854, se crea el Partido Republicano. Al principio no obtiene mucho apoyo, pues su polà ­tica era a favor de los bancos y de la industria, apoyando una suba de tarifas a las importaciones. Adems, era un partido intolerante y antiesclavista. Sin embargo, acapara votos en los farmers implantando una polà ­tica de tierras. Este partido va ganando relevancia gracias a su polà ­tica antiesclavista, pues en California, que era en principio, segà ºn la là ­nea Masà ³n-Dixon, esclavista, Surge la fiebre del oro. Miles de personas marchan hacia el oeste para conseguir su riqueza, pero estos no necesitaban esclavos para trabajar con el oro, por lo tanto California se incorpora a la Unià ³n como estado no esclavista. La situacià ³n se presentaba grave. Segà ºn Adams: Lo grave era que muchos nordistas -y tambià ©n sudistas- habà ­an dejado de ver las cosas en un sentido racional, estrictamente hablando. Si lo que se alzaba frente al Norte ya no era el Sur real, una cultura preindustrial cuyo crecimiento potencial se hallaba condicionado por factores demogrficos, climatolà ³gicos y econà ³micos, sino el poder esclavista, era obvio que cualquier propuesta destinada a aumentar su zona de influencia habà ­a de tener un carcter amenazador . Esa era la manera de ver las cosas del senador Lincoln. Es de esta forma como en 1860, las elecciones las ganan los demà ³cratas, separados en esclavistas y no esclavistas. Esta divisià ³n hace que pocos electores lleguen al senado y que en 1861, el republicano Lincoln llegue a la presidencia y con su llegada, el Sur abandona la Unià ³n. La guerra civil y sus consecuencias Asà ­ pues, en las semanas siguientes a la eleccià ³n de Lincoln, acompaà ±ndose de citas de Thomas Jefferson y con la sensacià ³n de que seguà ­an los pasos de sus antepasados revolucionarios, los congresistas de los estados algodoneros se despidieron de sus colegas del Norte y emprendieron su viaje al Sur . Bajo este triste panorama, describe Adams la separacià ³n de la Unià ³n. Sin embargo, Lincoln no permitià ³ que esto sucediese. Con un ejercito casi irrisorio pero bien equipado, ataca al Sur. La clave de la guerra para el Norte era hacerla durar mucho pues estaban mejor provistos que el Sur, y asà ­ sucedià ³. Tras un buen comienzo del Sur con varias batallas ganadas, el ejà ©rcito del Norte gana la batalla de Gettysburgh y comienza una guerra de destruccià ³n, comandados por el general Grant y el general Sherman. A su paso, todos los pueblos eran destruidos y las plantaciones de algodà ³n quemadas. Esto hace que el Sur firme la rendicià ³n incondicional en 1865. No solo se habà ­a cumplido el objetivo de reunir al paà ­s, sino tambià ©n se logro la abolicià ³n de la esclavitud. La proclamacià ³n de la emancipacià ³n de esclavos se habà ­a firmado en 1863, pero los esclavos que habitaban en tierras de la Confederacià ³n no podà ­an gozar de su condicià ³n hasta que se reestableciera la Unià ³n. Ahora que esto habà ­a sido logrado, finalmente la esclavitud quedaba en la historia. Con respecto a las posiciones que se tomaron hacia el Sur por haber atentado contra la Unià ³n, aparecen dos posiciones, una fuerte y una blanda. Lincoln lideraba la idea de la unià ³n, el perdà ³n, por lo tanto opina que se debe permitir la reincorporacià ³n a todo estado del Sur que obtenga un 10% de habitantes que juren lealtad a la Unià ³n. Sus oponentes, los radicales republicanos, opinaban que la lealtad debà ­a ser jurada por un 50% de la poblacià ³n. Por su parte, los estados del Sur se encontraban ocupados militarmente, esperando la resolucià ³n ms benigna. Sin embargo, Lincoln es asesinado por un Sureà ±o que querà ­a vengar la guerra, lo que sirve a los republicanos radicales para reclamar mano dura contra el Sur. Comienza el perà ­odo conocido como Redemption. Reconstruccià ³n y corrupcià ³n Johnson, como vicepresidente, completa el mandato de Lincoln y cede el poder a Grant. Su mandato se caracteriza por la existencia de altà ­simos niveles de corrupcià ³n. Un diputado del Tammany Hall, la sede Norteà ±a del Partido Demà ³crata, llamado George Washington Plunkitt resume la idea: Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself.//I ´ve not gone in for dishonest graft -blackmailin ´gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc-//I seen my opportunities//Well, I ´m tipped off, say, that they ´re going to lay a park at a certain place.//I go to that place and buy all the land I can in the neighbourhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before//that ´s honest graft . Llega, por este periodo, a regir el Spoil System, un sistema mediante el cual los amigos de la gente del gobierno podà ­an conseguir buenos trabajos. La reincorporacià ³n del Sur a la Unià ³n se torna en una obsesià ³n. Comienza una à ©poca de predominio del Partido Republicano. El costo del consumo aumenta a raà ­z de una suba en las tarifas de importacià ³n, pero esto genera un fuerte crecimiento de la industria local, que tambià ©n generan un gran mercado interno que beneficia a los farmers. Las tierras se habà ­an terminado de repartir con el Homestead Act. El Homestead Act era una polà ­tica de tierras impulsada por el Partido Republicano mediante el cual la persona que llega a la tierra se transforma en propietaria de la misma, por lo que se terminan las tierras y con ellas, la carrera hacia el oeste. El paà ­s comienza a tener un enorme crecimiento en poblacià ³n y en produccià ³n, lo que permite a Estados Unidos tener su revolucià ³n industrial. La caà ­da en los precios del transporte da lugar a enormes niveles de inmigracià ³n. Cuenta Adams: En 1825, un pasaje para Amà ©rica costaba 20 libras, en tanto que en 1863 el viaje en vapor suponà ­a à ºnicamente 4 libras y 15 chelines, y en 1890 ya era posible atravesar el Atlntico al reducido precio de 3 libras y 10 chelines . El crecimiento de poblacià ³n era proporcional con el crecimiento del PBI.  ¿Cà ³mo se explica semejante crecimiento? Podemos analizar el crecimiento desde dos puntos de vista diferentes, que, conjuntamente, hacen que Estados Unidos crezca hasta ser la primer potencia mundial. Primero, analizaremos que sucedià ³ con la produccià ³n. Se dieron, sucesivamente, dos fenà ³menos nuevos que multiplicaron la capacidad de las empresas. Estos fenà ³menos son conocidos con el nombre del Taylorismo y el Fordismo. Explica Thomas P. Hughes: Taylor ´s fundamental concept and guiding principle was to design a system of production involving both men and machines that would be as efficient as a well designed, well oiled machine. He said in the past, the man has been first; in the future the system must be first, a remark that did not sit well then with workers and their trade-union leaders and that today still rankles those who feel opresed by technology . Bajo este concepto del management como elemento necesario para el efectivo funcionamiento de la industria, las nuevas empresas aparecà ­an como plaga. Casi instantneamente, aparecà ­a el fordismo. Las nuevas empresas debà ­an producir, rpido y efectivamente, y en bà ºsqueda del sistema ms prctico para lograr la produccià ³n en masa, se llegà ³ a la là ­nea de montaje. Como una puesta en prctica de la divisià ³n del trabajo que Adam Smith propuso en su Riqueza de las Naciones, Ford comenzà ³ a construir automà ³viles sistemticamente, haciendo a un lado lo artesanal. Ford, unlike Taylor, did not need detailed schedules and routing instructions to direct the movements of materials and work across the shop floors. Ford and a few like-visioned mechanics and self-educated engeneers created at his Highland Park plant a system of mass production unlike any the world had ever before seen . Pero, a semejante crecimiento en la oferta, debà ­a responder tambià ©n un brutal crecimiento en la demanda. La idea de que cada individuo tiene acceso justo a la posicià ³n y el reconocimiento, y por consiguiente puede escapar del anonimato y las condiciones de la gente comà ºn, ha moldeado el significado y la comprensià ³n de la democracia americana . La ms que precisa definicià ³n que arroja Stuart Ewen es justamente lo que genera el consumismo. De pronto, los americanos entran en una fiebre de consumismo feroz, pues el sueà ±o americano cambia: no es ms la posesià ³n de tierras, sino que es la posesià ³n de bienes de consumo. Racismo Tras este blanco manto de progreso se escondà ­a quizs el ms oscuro elemento que tuvo la democracia americana: el racismo. En el perà ­odo comprendido entre 1877 y 1896, se produce la reincorporacià ³n a cualquier costo de los estados Sureà ±os. En 1870, los negros obtienen el derecho al voto. Sin embargo, el voto negro dura tan solo 7 aà ±os, debido a la enorme resistencia que genera esto en el Sur. Surge un problema que nunca antes habà ­a sido contemplado: los negros libres. El Sur intentaba convencer al Norte de que era un peligro para la sociedad mezclar a los negros con los blancos. Consideraban que el paà ­s corrà ­a el riesgo de terminar como Liberia, paà ­s de esclavos liberados. A partir de allà ­, Surgen los grupos radicales. Joel Williamson cuenta: Radicalism appeared in strength in 1889 and spread rapidly through the south. The core of the radical mentality was the concept that negroes, freed from the restraining influences of slavery, were rapidly retrogressing toward their natural state of bestiality//Radicals believed, there would be no place for blacks in the south or in Amà ©rica . El Sur Norteamericano a fines del siglo XIX era el ultimo lugar en donde un negro querrà ­a estar. La paranoia blanca lleva a crear leyes tcitas, conocidas como Jim Crow Laws. Estas leyes eran una serie de medidas segregacionistas que definà ­an restricciones y là ­neas divisorias entre negros y blancos en la vida diaria, como por ejemplo, en los baà ±os, en los bares y en los bebederos de las plazas. El radicalismo blanco opina que con los negros solo se puede tomar una polà ­tica de violencia y comienzan los linchamientos y las riots. Los linchamientos son ejecutados por un grupo racista llamado Ku Klux Clan, que, cubiertos de tà ºnicas blancas, representaban una suerte de juzgamiento a quien cruzara la colour line determinada por ellos. Los riots, en cambio, eran ataques generales a la comunidad negra. El objetivo de estos actos de violencia es generar miedo entre los negros para indicarles donde deben estar, cosa que es lograda, pues se hacen tan frecuentes que hay un cambi o en la polà ­tica federal. En 1896 tras un fallo de la Corte Suprema, Surgen escuelas para blancos y negros por separado, indicando la secesià ³n ante las exigencias del Sur. El Fin de la Democracia Agraria En el medio siglo que siguià ³ a la Guerra Civil, la agricultura se vio sometida a una serie de conmociones. Primero, la guerra y su secuela destruyeron parcialmente el sistema de plantaciones y fomentaron los sistemas de prà ©stamo sobre la cosecha y de aparcerà ­a. En segundo lugar, la apertura de las Altas Planicies y del Oeste redujo las granjas del Medio Oeste y del Este//Una tercera conmocià ³n fue el rpido crecimiento de los mercados mundiales y de la competencia mundial//En cuarto lugar//la repercusià ³n de nueva maquinaria, nuevas cosechas y nuevas tà ©cnicas . Indudablemente, la base de la economà ­a Norteamericana trastabillaba, o bien, se encontraba en medio de una transicià ³n. La crisis producida entre los aà ±os 1873 y 1896 produjo un cambio en la economà ­a mundial. Miles de empresas mueren, otras luchan por sobrevivir adaptndose a las nuevas formas de produccià ³n, fusionndose y generando corporaciones. Las empresas que superan la crisis son aquellas que se diversifican, toman la velocidad y productividad del nuevo mercado. El capitalismo competitivo muere para dar lugar al capitalismo corporativo. Martin Sklar explica: El ascenso del capitalismo corporativo se basà ³ en su adaptacià ³n a los capitales ms pequeà ±os, la adaptacià ³n de estos à ºltimos, y en menor medida la adaptacià ³n de una clase trabajadora cambiante . El Surgimiento de los Trust permite que los bienes sean baratos y que, consecuentemente, aumente el consumo. El hecho de operar en el tramo creciente de la curva de rendimientos, adems de utilizar las economà ­as de escala, hacen de los trust empresas con alta rentabilidad. Surgen, a partir de los trust, departament stores, donde el consumidor encontraba todo la que querà ­a en una sola tienda, la venta por correo y las chain stores, tiendas que se establecà ­an en suburbios para comodidad del cliente. A raà ­z de esta nueva economà ­a, Surgen las revueltas agrarias. Los granjeros, fuertemente endeudados con los banqueros del Norte, piden devaluacià ³n o que se tome la polà ­tica del patrà ³n plata en lugar del patrà ³n oro, ya que se habà ­a encontrado un yacimiento en las Rocky-Mountains. Los campesinos ven representados sus intereses con el Surgimiento de un nuevo partido: el Partido Populista, que basa su polà ­tica en el patrà ³n plata y la emisià ³n de billetes. Unidos al Partido Demà ³crata, proponen a Bryan como presidente. A pesar de perder las elecciones, ganadas por el republicano McKinley, terminan las revueltas agrarias por haber terminado la crisis. Los farmers se transforman en un engranaje ms de la sociedad de consumo. El trust comienza a ser peligroso, y en un intento de solucionarlo se dicta una ley antimonopà ³lica. Tras el asesinato de McKinley en manos de un anarquista, bajo el gobierno de Theodore Roosevelt, se proponen soluciones al problema de los trust. La solucià ³n ms adecuada parecà ­a ser la de Wilson: debà ­a haber un mercado libre, pero su formacià ³n debà ­a estar controlada por el Estado. No se sabà ­a cul serà ­a el destino de los trust, pero lo que sà ­ se sabà ­a es que la democracia americana habà ­a cambiado radicalmente. La democracia agraria habà ­a muerto, para dar lugar a la democracia corporativa. Conclusià ³n With Liberty and Justice for All. When we compare the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us is, that they generally differ more from each other than do the individuals of any variety in a state of nature. And if we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have beencultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, we are driven to conclude that this great variability is due to our domestic productions having raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent species had been exposed under nature. Charles Darwin, Origin of Species. Se podrà ­a decir que una colonia, al pasar a ser independiente, vuelve a una suerte de estado de naturaleza. A partir de allà ­, puede tomar dos caminos. Un camino es el que Thomas Hobbes, en su libro Leviathan brinda como solucià ³n, y consiste en adoptar una forma de gobierno fuerte para tratar de evitar ese estado natural, lo que serà ­a como volver a las colonias, es decir, volver a ser domà ©sticos. El segundo camino es el que indica John Locke, y es el camino por el que optà ³ Estados Unidos. Con teorà ­as mas conservadoras o ms progresistas, Estados Unidos luego de la independencia mantuvo una idea fija: la democracia. Demà ³cratas o Republicanos, nunca se dudo del gobierno del pueblo a pesar de las crisis sufridas y las paradojas que brinda esta democracia. Y esta participacià ³n polà ­tica del individuo Norteamericano lo hace sentir importante, siempre va a creer en su evolucià ³n.  ¡Y cà ³mo no va a creer, si es un ciudadano Norteamericano! A principios del siglo XX, la democracia concebida por Estados Unidos transmuta, la democracia agraria se transforma en una democracia corporativa. Este cambio genera miedo y paranoia, pues no se ve como lo que es: una consecuencia de la evolucià ³n que comenzà ³ en 1776, en el retorno al estado natural. Research Papers on A Modo De Introduccià ³n - A Brave New WorldBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XGenetic EngineeringNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is ArtTwilight of the UAWAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West Meet

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War

Battle of Glorieta Pass in the Civil War Battle of Glorieta Pass - Conflict: The Battle of Glorieta Pass occurred during the American Civil War. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Dates: Union and Confederate forces clashed at Glorieta Pass on March 26-28, 1862. Armies Commanders: Union Colonel John P. SloughMajor John Chivington1,300 men Confederates Major Charles L. PyronLt. Colonel William R. Scurry1,100 men Battle of Glorieta Pass - Background: In early 1862, Confederate forces under Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley began pushing west from Texas into the New Mexico Territory. His goal was to occupy the Santa Fe Trail as far north as Colorado with the intention of opening a line of communication with California. Advancing west, Sibley initially sought to capture Fort Craig near the Rio Grande. On February 20-21, he defeated a Union force under Colonel Edward Canby at the Battle of Valverde. Retreating, Canbys force took refuge at Fort Craig. Electing not to attack the fortified Union troops, Sibley pressed on leaving them in his rear. Moving up the Rio Grande Valley, he established his headquarters at Albuquerque. Sending his forces forward, they occupied Santa Fe on March 10. Shortly thereafter, Sibley pushed an advance force of between 200 and 300 Texans, under Major Charles L. Pyron, over the Glorieta Pass at the southern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The capture of the pass would allow Sibley to advance and capture Fort Union, a key base along the Santa Fe Trail. Camping at Apache Canyon in Glorieta Pass, Pyrons men were attacked on March 26 by 418 Union soldiers led by Major John M. Chivington. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Chivington Attacks: Assaulting Pyrons line, Chivingtons initial attack was beaten back by Confederate artillery. He then split his force and two and repeatedly flanked Pyrons men forcing them to retreat twice. As Pyron fell back a second time, Chivingtons cavalry swept in and captured the Confederate rearguard. Consolidating his forces, Chivington went into camp at Kozlowskis Ranch. On the following day the battlefield was quiet as both sides were reinforced. Pyron was augmented by 800 men led by Lieutenant Colonel William R. Scurry, bringing Confederate strength to around 1,100 men. On the Union side, Chivington was reinforced by 900 men from Fort Union under the command of Colonel John P. Slough. Assessing the situation, Slough planned to attack the Confederates the next day. Chivington was given orders to take his men in a circling movement with the goal of striking the Confederate flank as Slough engaged their front. In the Confederate camp, Scurry also planned an advance with the goal of attacking at the Union troops in the pass. On the morning of March 28, both sides moved into Glorieta Pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - A Close Fight: Seeing the Union troops moving towards his men, Scurry formed a line of battle and prepared to receive Sloughs attack. Surprised to find the Confederates in an advanced position, Slough realized that Chivington would not be able to assist in the assault as planned. Moving forward, Sloughs men struck at Scurrys line around 11:00 AM. In the battle that followed, both sides repeatedly attacked and counterattacked, with Scurrys men getting the better of the fighting. Unlike the rigid formations used in the East, the fighting in Glorieta Pass tended to be focused on small unit actions due to the broken terrain. After forcing Sloughs men to fall back to Pigeon Ranch, and then Kozlowskis Ranch, Scurry broke off the fighting happy to have achieved a tactical victory. While the battle was raging between Slough and Scurry, Chivingtons scouts succeeded in locating the Confederate supply train. Out of position to assist in Sloughs attack, Chivington elected not to rush to the sound of the guns, but rather advanced and captured the Confederate supplies after a brief skirmish at Johnsons Ranch. With the loss of the supply train, Scurry was forced to withdraw despite having won a victory in the pass. Battle of Glorieta Pass - Aftermath: Union casualties at the Battle of Glorieta Pass numbered 51 killed, 78 wounded, and 15 captured. Confederate forces suffered 48 killed, 80 wounded, and 92 captured. While a tactical Confederate victory, the Battle of Glorieta Pass proved to be a key strategic win for the Union. Due to the loss of his supply train, Sibley was forced to withdraw back to Texas, ultimately arriving at San Antonio. The defeat of Sibleys New Mexico Campaign effectively ended Confederate designs on the Southwest and the area remained in Union hands for the duration of the war. Due to the decisive nature of the battle, it is sometimes referred to as the Gettysburg of the West. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Glorieta PassBattle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered DreamPhotographs of Glorieta Pass

European Community Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Community Business Law - Essay Example The characteristics are unique and as such, the European foods with specific characteristics are only approved for production by producers who adhere fully to the traditional methods of production within a given demographic area. Essentially, the notion of PDO delineates that certain food names are protected based on geographic origin or the recipe utilized. Inherent in this notion are clear guidelines for naming the food products.1 First and foremost, PDO was instituted in 1993 as a direct result of legislation of the European Union. Under this legislation, there were clear and concise guidelines for the systematic naming of foods based on a protocol as defined by the European Union. Utilizing this systematic naming protocol, EU certifies regional and traditional foods whereby these foods are guaranteed to be authentic and to have originated from the alleged region. Under this system, foods or beverages registered through the EU are given legal protection against imitation along with the right to litigate to protect those rights2 In order for a product to be registered and the producers offered the rights that accompany registration, there must be a formal application made to the Department of environment, food and rural affairs (Defra). The application must be accompanied by supporting documentation which indicates that the food product is produced, processed and prepared within a geographic area and by virtue of this, the product has inherent characteristics that derive from the geographic area. The application is then examined by the staff of Defra and any pertinent questions may be raised and correspondence incited between the applicant and the Defra officials. If the application proves to have some merit after the Defra investigation, it is then passed on to the European Commission for further investigation. When the application reaches the European Commission, the Commission is afforded up to six months to determine the validity of the claim. In so doing, the Commission is free to seek the assistance o f the Scientific Committee which is established solely for this purpose. In offering assistance, the Scientific Committee can conduct tests and offer expert opinion with regards to the geographic origin of the product. If after consulting with the Scientific Committee, the Commission is satisfied that the product warrants PDO registration, a summary sheet of the product is published in the Official Journal of the European Community. At this point, the registration is open for objections for the next six months. If no objections are made, then the product is officially registered with the European Union and offered the status of PDO.3 This status affords the producers the following benefits: Legal protection throughout the European Union. This protection prevents the imitation of a PDO product and in cases where there is imitation, it offers litigious assistance. Increased awareness of the existence of the product and the potential to promote it both locally and throughout the European Union. Increased funding potential through the lure of public funds. Strategic product positioning at the high-end of the market. A larger customer base.4 Currently, there are twelve products which have attained the PDO designation. These products are Buxton Blue cheese, White stilton cheese - Blue stilton cheese and Dovedale cheese all of which are associated with the